Модальные глаголы

Модальные глаголы	Эквиваленты модальных глаголов	PRESENTS	PAST	FUTURE
can- могу, мочь (физическая возможность, умственная способность)	To be able(to) Быть в состоянии, мочь	can	could	-
am is able(to) are I can read. I am able to read	was able(to) were I could read. I was able to read	shall be able(to) will I shall be able to read.
may- могу (допустимость совершения действия: разрешение или отказ)	To be allowed(to)- иметь разрешение	may	might	-
am is allowed(to) are He may take it. He is allowed to take it.	was allowed(to) were He might take it. He was allowed to take it.	shall be able(to) will   He will be allowed to take it.
must - должен	to have (to)- быть вынужденным в силу обстоятельств   to be (to)- быть обязанным в силу плана или договора	must	-	-
have(to) has(to)   am is (to) are He must meet him. He has to meet him. He is to meet him.	had (to)     was were (to)   He had(was) to meet him.	shall have(to) will     shall be (to) will He will be (have) to meet him
should must to have (to) to be(to) ought to to be obliges(to)	долженствование
can to be able(to) to be unable(to)	Физическая, умственная возможность
may to be allowed(to) to be permitted(to)	разрешение
need	необходимость

Упражнения

I. Переведите на английский язык, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы.

1. Он умеет говорить по-английски. 2. Я мог бегать очень быстро, когда я был мальчиком. 3. Я могу помочь им.4. Эти книги можно взять в библиотеке. 5. Я должен ехать туда завтра. 6. Я должен встать рано. 7. Ты можешь взять эту книгу. 8. Они должны выучить этот урок. 9. Можно я открою окно? 10. Вам не нужно приходить так. 11. Вы должны быть осторожнее.

II. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы.

І

1.You should increase the width of the bridge.2. Control may be simply mechanical, electrical, electronic or a combination.3. Bacteria may exist even on good products without any harmful action.4. One ought to remember that Lodygin was the first inventor of the incandescent lamp.5. You need to go to the chemical laboratory to carry out this experiment.6. Thus we were obliged to use gaseous heavy hydrogen for our experiments.

IІ.

1.You ought to know that since all meridians and the equator are great circles, the minute scales on these elements of the map may be used to measure lengths.2. One ought to be careful when experimenting with inflammable materials.3. Careful attention must be paid to the construction of this unit.4. One can calculate the distances between ions crystals if ionic is known.5. We need materials capable of working in diverse condition for this experiment.6. We also need machines that would trace the entire process of machining.7. What we need is not merely manipulators which can take up a workpiece and pass it on, but robots which can identify objects, their position in space, etc.

III. Скажите и напишите следующие предложения в Past Future Indefinite.

Образец:

She must read this book.

She had to read this book.

She will have to read this book.

1. The scientists must study the composition of this substance. 2. The engineer must know well the properties of engineering materials. 3. The giant molecules must be composed of large numbers of smaller units. 4. We must use a telescope in order to see certain stars. 5. Everybody must study his specialty very well. 6. We must widely use computers in different branches of science and engineering. 7. A meteorologist must make about one million of operations for the accurate forecasting of the weather. 8. A computer must give information.

Образец:

She can play tennis well.

She could play tennis well.

She will be able to play tennis well.

1. They can show their achievements. 2. This example can illustrate these figures. 3. The first electronic computer can work very quickly. 4. Theory cannot exist without practice. 5. A robot can simulate the functions of a human being. 6. These self-learning cybernetic systems can collect various data. 7. An automatic pilot can control an air-plane. 8. The machine can solve differential equations. 9. Water can exist as a gas and as a solid.

Образец:

You may take this book.

You were allowed to take this book.

You will be allowed to take this book.

1. They may continue the experiment. 2. We may divide electronic computers into two groups. 3. A computer may transform any new information into a more useful form. 4. The molecule may overcome the force of attraction. 5. The worker may measure the efficiency of the motor. 6. This scientists may investigate new means of production. 7. He may use these scientific books for his report.

IV. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на формы эквивалентов

модальных глаголов.

1.Using radioactive isotopes, biologists and agriculturalists will be able to carry out research impossible by any other method.2. Today machines have to withstand such tremendous stresses and to be able of such complex motions that complicated and specialized calculation taking hundreds of factors into account are needed in the design of quite a simple machine like a motor-car engine.3. In the shortest time possible we are to start production new generations of machines and equipment, which would allow us to increase productivity several times and to find a way the application of advanced technologies.4. Our laboratory has to launch a new programme this month.5. This scientist was allowed to take park in all-union conference on automobile designing.6. The technologist is to solve practical problems.7. She is allowed to use this new device for testing her design.

V. Перевести на русский язык, обращая внимание на сочетание модальных глаголов с P a s s i v e I n d e f i n i t e.

must	+ Indefinite Passive (be + P II)	= нужно	+ инфинитив
should	= необходимо
must	+be read	= нужно	+ прочитать
should	= необходимо
can	+ Indefinite Passive (be read)	= можно	+ инфинитив (прочитать)
may
cannot	+ Indefinite Passive (be read)	= нельзя	+ инфинитив (прочитать)

I

1. All the preparations should be completed in a week.2. The engines should be made as simple as possible.3. Electricity can be transmitted over long distances.4. The TV set should be taken to the shop.5. Nature gas can be used instead of gas made from coal.6. Heat cannot be weighed.

II

1. At ordinary temperatures and over temperature intervals which are not too great, specific heat may be considered constant.2. Surface tension may be expressed in any of energy per unit of area.3. Careful attention must be paid to the construction of the diagram and to algebraic sing when using this equation.4. Heat is a form of energy and must be measured in the units in which energy is measured.5. Parts for this submarine could not be ordered, they had to be designed, nothing could be copied from another ship’s engine, for this was first of its kino.6. The oil may be stored in the tanks from which ships called oil-tankers carry it to many countries.

VI. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на сочетание модальных глаголов с P e r f e c t I n d e f I n I t e.

must		должно быть
may might	+ Perfect Indefinite (have + P II)	= возможно
	He may have read the article. Он, возможно (должно быть), прочитал статью
can could	+not + Perfect Indefinite	= не может быть
	He cannot have swum the river. Не может быть, чтобы он переплыл реку.
could might	+ Perfect Indefinite	= мог (ли) бы
	He could have swum the river. Он мог бы переплыть реку
should ought	+ Perfect Indefinite	должен был бы (обязан) = следовало бы
	He should have read the article. Ему следовало бы прочитать эту статью.

I

1. He cannot have broken the device.2. He must have made a mistake in calculations that the experiment failed.3. This method could have been more effective in our experiment.4. You should have been more attentive, there are so many mistakes in your exercises.5. This law must have been discovered by some famous mathematician.6. This student must have been studing physics for a long time.

II

1. You should have tested the device more carefully considering its importance.2. When a magnet is broken in two, there will be two new poles, these poles must have existed in the original magnet but without producing external effects since they neutralized each other.3. Our teacher may have used quite a different formula in solving this problem.4. He cannot have forgotten this method of integration.

VII. Перевести на русский язык, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы и их

эквиваленты.

I

1. This law must have been discovered by some famous mathematician.2. His theory is to be applied in mathematics.3. He cannot have forgotten this method of integration.4. Our comrades must be now preparing for their exam in higher mathematics.5. The people had to study and learn, to acquire technical skills and to master the art of management.6. All the units of a new tractor can be produced at this plant.7. This scientist was allowed to take part in the all-union conference on automobile designing.8. We were obliged to use gaseous heavy hydrogen for our experiments.9. The engines should be made as simple as possible.10 He must have carried out this experiment.

II

1. The calculation was to have been done in a precise way.2. Our teacher may have used quite a different formula in solving this problem.3. She may use this new device for testing her desing.4. We shall have to work out an experiment in which we shall be able to keep the particles in the plasma.5. Surface tension may be expressed in any unit of energy per unit of area.6. You should have changed the current strength at all points of the circuit.7. We are to effect a thermonuclear reaction not in the form of an explosion but as a controller and calm process. 8. Many difficulties had to be overcome in the construction of the first space rockets.

VIII. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы.

I

1. The calculation was to have been done in a precise way.2. The laws of motion to be analyzed in this text must have been formulated by I.Newton.3. Solutions can be found to many applied problems in solar-energy uses for industry and the home.4. That gas can be turned into a liquid by pressure is known to everyone.5. An important characteristic of radiation is that it can occur in a vacuum.

II

1. In certain cases the Doppler effect may also be used to detect rotation of a star.2. Reliability must be thought of as a physical property of a device which behaves in accordance with certain physical laws.3. For other machines, the address bus may have to be decoded to produce an equivalent signal.4. A helicopter is able to rise vertically only because its propeller sets a stream of air into downward motion.5. So far we are unable to describe the properties and behave our of particles for the simple reason that we don’t yet know what their properties depend on.6. In order that we may be able to find our how efficient the engine is, we must measure the amount of energy that we put into it and compare this with the energy that it produces.

Дата добавления: 2015-07-11