The heart

BLOOD PATTERN ANALYSIS

Even a tiny drop of blood at the scene of a violent crime can give important information to the police. Blood is there either because it has dripped out of a small wound, sprayed out from an artery, oozed out through a large wound, or flown off a weapon. Using blood pattern analysis, police can learn a lot about what happened from the shape of the blood drops.

Sometimes a murderer cleans the crime scene very carefully, and if detectives cannot see any blood they spray a chemical called Luminol across the scene. This makes it possible to see the blood in the dark. Luminol can show up very small drops of blood.

From blood at the scene of a crime, police can learn about the person the blood came from. They can tell the person's blood type and, because male and female blood cells are different, they can also work out if the blood comes from a man or woman. Also, 80% of us are 'secretors', which means our blood type is contained in other bodily fluids. This can also help identify suspects.

In 1984 a man, Graham Backhouse, was found injured near his home with deep cuts across his face and chest. A neighbour lay dead nearby. Backhouse said the neighbour attacked him, and so he shot the neighbour to defend himself. But the shape of the blood drops showed that Backhouse was standing still when he was wounded, and there was also no blood from Backhouse on his gun or near the victim. Police were sure Backhouse shot his victim and then wounded himself. He was found guilty of murder.

1. Look at the diagram & complete the descriptions with the words below. But first read & translate them: pump, leaves, valve, enters, artery, flows, atrium, fills, aorta, opens, closing, beat.

You have 3 minutes to look through the text “ The Heart” & do the exercise.

The heart

Look at the diagram and complete the The heart is a muscle as big as your fist in the centre of your chest.

descriptions with the words below. It is an efficient _________ 1 that can get blood to the furthest cell in your body within sixty seconds.

On its circular journey around the body, blood__________ ² the heart twice. Once with oxygen and once without oxygen.

pump

leaves

valve

pulmonary artery

enters

artery

flows

atrium

fills

aorta

opens

closing

beat

tricuspid valve

Blood carrying oxygen comes into the left side of the heart. The left __________⁸ fills, the mitral valve opens and the blood __________⁹ into the left ventricle. The aortic valve opens and the blood leaves through the _______¹⁰.

Blood without oxygen comes into the right side of the heart. It_________ ³ the right atrium. Then the tricuspid valve _______⁴and the blood goes into the right ventricle. Then the pulmonary ________⁵, opens and the blood ___________⁶through the pulmonary ______⁷

When you listen to a hear ________¹¹ you hear ‘lub dub, lub dub’. This is the sound of the valves ___________¹².

mitral valve

2. You have just followed the way the blood travels in our body. I know that at your anatomy lessons you learned the blood composition. I ‘ m giving the floor to Irina Vasilievna.

3. Introduction of new lexics: erythrocytes, red blood cell, leucocytes, white blood cells, haemoglobin, clot, granulocytes, agranulocytes, platelets, thrombocytes, plasma, serum.

You have learned Latin & can tell me what term elements some words consists of: erythrocytes, leucocytes, haemoglobin, thrombocytes.

4. Read the text “ Types of Cells in the Blood” & make a summary of it.

The blood is a red fluid, which coagulates when it escapes from a blood vessel. It consists of colourless fluid, called plasma or serum, and many millions of minute bodies, too small to be seen by the naked eye, which give the blood its colour and substance, the corpuscles.

Erythrocytes (red blood cells). These cells are made in the bone marrow (soft tissue in the center of some bones in the body) and are important in that they transport oxygen (0₂) from the lungs through the bloodstream to the cells all over the body. The oxygen is then used up by body cells in the process of converting food to energy (catabolism). Hemoglobin, containing iron (globin = protein), is an impor­tant protein in erythrocytes which helps to carry the oxygen as it travels through the blood stream. Erythrocytes also carry away carbon dioxide (C0₂), a waste product of catabo­lism of food in cells from the body cells to the lungs where it is expelled in the process of breathing.

Leukocytes (white blood cells). There are several types of leukocytes:

(a) Granulocytes (cells with granules in their cytoplasm)
are formed in bone marrow. There are three types of
granulo-cytes:

(4) Eosinophil = eosinophile (granules stain red with acid stain) are thought to be active and elevated in aller­gic conditions such as asthma.

(5) Basophil = basophile (granules stain blue with basic stain). The function of basophils in the body is unclear.

(6) Neutrophil = neutrophile (granules stain blue and red (purple) with neutral stain) are called polymorpho­nuclear leukocytes (poly = many; morpho = shape or form) because the nucleus has many forms or shapes. The function of polymorphonuclears is defense of the body against bacteria by means of phagocytosis. These cells arc called polys as an abbreviation.

(b) Agranulocytes (cells without granules in cytoplasm)
are produced by lymph nodes and spleen. There are two
types of agranulocytes:

(3) Lymphocytes (lymph cells) fight disease by produc­ing antibodies and thus destroying foreign material. They may also attach directly to foreign material and destroy it.

(4) Monocytes (cells with a very large nucleus) ingest (phagocytose) and destroy foreign material.

Platelets or thrombocytes. These tiny cells, formed in the bone marrow, are necessary for blood clotting.

5. Decide if these sentences true or false.

- The blood is a colour less fluid, called plasma or serum.

- Erythrocytes are white blood cells.

- Erythrocytes transport oxygen to the cells all over the body.

- Haemoglobin helps to carry the oxygen through the blood-stream.

- Leucocytes are divided into several types.

6. Finish the sentences with the words below:

1. The blood is a …..
2. The blood consists of….
3. Erytrocytes transport …. to the cells all over the body.
4. Erytrocytes carry away … from the body cells to the lungs.
5. Leukocytes are …..
6. There are several types of leukocytes:

(plasma or serum & corpuscles; white blood cells; a red fluid; oxygen; granulocytes, agranulocytes & platelets or thrombocytes; carbon dioxide)

7. When you are ill you consult the doctor. The doctor prescribes to take some tests. One of them is a blood test. Read the conversation between the nurse & the patient & answer the questions.

N=nurse, P=patient

N How do you feel?

P Tired all the time, really -1 never have any energy.

N Have you had a blood test before?

P No, I haven't, no. How much blood will you take?

N Oh, just enough to fill the syringe -just five millilitres... Well we've got the results of your blood test. As I thought, you're a little bit anaemic.

P Is that bad?

N No, not necessarily. It just means that your red blood cell count is a little on the low side. A normal count is about 4.2 to 5.4 million red blood cells per microlitre of blood, and yours was 3.9.

P Oh dear-what does that mean?

N Don't worry - anaemia's very common in women. If you take iron supplements, your red cell count should soon go up. The cells are normal in size and shape, so that looks good. Your white cells are a little high, but you've just had a sore throat, haven't you?

P Yes.

N Well, that's just a sign that your body's been fighting the infection, so that's fine. And platelets were normal.

8. Answer the questions.

1 How does the patient feel?

2 How much blood is the nurse going to take?

3 What problem does the test result show?

4 How many million red blood cells per microlitre does it show?

5 How can the patient correct the problem?

6 How is the shape of the red cells?

7 How is the patient's white blood cell count?

8 How are her platelets?

9. Complete this description of a Complete Blood Count (CBC) with the words below.

infection platelets

haemoglobin oxygen

clot red blood cells
white blood cells

A CBC measures the number of different cells that make up the blood. It looks at:

_________1 - these take _________ 2 from the lungs to the body's tissues, and take carbon dioxide away at the same time. The CBC also measures the amount of ________________ 3 (a protein in the cells that carries the oxygen), and looks at the size and shape of the cells.

_____________ 4 these protect the body against ____________5

_______________6 - these make the blood ________________ 7.

10. Read the article, and decide if these sentences are true (T) or false (F).

1 Blood from a cut artery drips out _______

2 Blood pattern analysis looks at the shape of drops of blood _________

3 Luminol tells you the blood type_____ _________

4 Male blood is different from female blood __________

5 Graham Backhouse's neighbour shot himself __________

Дата добавления: 2015-08-18