Unit 5.

Present Perfect (Настоящее совершенное время)

have / has + V3 = Present Perfect

Present Perfect употребляется для выражения:

1. Действия или состояния уже завершившегося к моменту речи, если результат свершившегося имеет значение в настоящий момент.

I have read this book - Я прочитал эту книгу. (значит сейчас знаю ее содержание)

I have broken my pencil - Я сломал свой карандаш. (сейчас им нельзя писать)

Особенности употребления:

а) Present Perfect может употребляться с обстоятельственными словами, обозначающими период времени, который еще не закончился:

today сегодня this week на этой неделе this month в этом месяце

this year в этом году this morning сегодня утром

Например:

I haven’t seen Peter today. - Я не видел Петра сегодня.

He has missed a lot of classes this week. - Он пропустил много занятий на этой неделе.

б) Часто употребляется с наречиями неопределенного времени и частотности. Их место в предложении: наречия never, ever, often, seldom, already, just – обычно перед смысловым глаголом; наречия lately, recently, by now, up to now, yet – в конце предложения.

Например:

I’m sure we have never met before - Я уверен, мы никогда раньше не встречались.

I haven't been in Moscow yet. – Я еще не был в Москве.

2. Для выражения действия, начавшегося в прошлом и еще продолжающегося в момент речи.

I have always liked him. - Он мне всегда нравился. (раньше и теперь)

I have lived here all my life. - Я живу тут всю свою жизнь

Для обозначения всего периода времени обычно используется предлог for в течение: for a few days - в течение нескольких дней, for an hour - в течение часа и т.д.

I have known her for years - Я знаю ее много лет

I have been a teacher for 15 years. - Я преподаю в течение 15 лет

А для обозначения начальной точки отсчета с которой длится данный период употребляется предлог since - с, например:

I haven’t been here since 1990 - Я не был здесь с 1990 года.

Утвердительная форма	Отрицательная форма	Вопросительная форма
I have written a letter	I have not (haven’t) written a letter	Have I written a letter a letter?
He (she, it) has written a letter	He (she, it) has not (hasn’t) written a letter	Has he (she, it) written a letter?
We have written a letter	We have not (haven’t) written a letter	Have we written a letter?
You have written a letter	You have not (haven’t) written a letter	Have you written a letter?
They have written a letter	They have not (haven’t) written a letter	Have they written a letter?

1. You are writing a letter to a friend and giving news about people you both know. Use the words given to make sentences and put the verb into the correct form.

Example: Phil / find a new job – Phil has found a new job.

Dear Chris,

Lots of things have happened since I last wrote to you.

1. Charles / go / Brazil

2. Jack and Jill / decide / to get married

3. Suzanne / have / a baby

4. Monica / give up / smoking

5. George / pass / his driving-test

2. Read the situation and write a suitable sentence. Use the verb given.

Example: Tom is looking for his key. He can’t find it. (lose) – He has lost his key.

1. Ann’s hair was dirty. Now it is clean. (wash) – She ………

2. Tom was 80 kilograms. Now he weighs 70. (lose weight) - ……..

3. The car has just stopped because there isn’t any more petrol in the tank. (run out of petrol)

4. Yesterday Bill was playing football. Now he can’t walk and his leg is in plaster. (break)

3. Ask your group mate about things he has done in his life. Use the words in brackets to make your questions.

Example: (you ever / be / to Italy?) – Have you ever been to Italy?

1. (you / ever / to South America?)

2. (you / read / any English books?)

3. (you / live / in this town all your life?)

4. (how many times / you / be / in love?)

5. (what’s the most beautiful country you / ever / visit?)

6. (you / ever / speak / to a famous person?)

4. Put the verbs into the correct form: Present Perfect or Past Simple.

1. It (to be) very cold yesterday.

2. I (not to see) him since 1997.

3. How many mushrooms … you (to gather)?

4. Where … you (to put) the newspaper? I want to read it but I can’t find it anywhere.

5. The new school (to begin) working last year.

6. The rain (to stop) but a cold wind is still blowing.

7. We already (to solve) the problem.

8. …. you (to make) any spelling mistakes?

9. They (not yet to come) from the south.

10. I (not to see) my cousin since last year.

11. Why … you (to leave) the door open? You will catch cold sitting in the draught.

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