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7. Andrew S. Grove, Only the Paranoid Survive: How to Exploit the Crisis Points That
Challenge Every Company and Career, Currency/Doubleday/Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing
Group, New York, 1996.
8. Другие источники: Paul E. Ceruzzi, Л History of Modern Computing, MIT Press,
Cambridge, MA, 1999; Paul Freiberger and Michael Swaine, Fire in the Valley: The Making of the
Personal Computer, Osborne/McGraw-НШ, Berkeley, CA, 1984; Grove, op. cit.; Tim Jackson, Inside
Intel, Dutton/Penguin Putnam, New York, 1997; Albert Yu, Creating the Digital Future: The Secrets
of Consistent Innovation at Intel, Free Press/Simon & Schuster, New York, 1998.
9. Томсону должно быть обидно, что первым идею разработать браузер в NCSA
предложил он, а работа и вся слава достались Андреессену. Его позиция удачно изложена
в Alan Deutschman, "Imposter Boy", Gentleman's Quarterly, January 1997. Однако история
инноваций и рынков пестрит такими примерами, некоторые из них приведены в этой
книге. Успех приходит не к тем, кто был первым, а к тем, кто обладает видением и
настойчивостью при его реализации.
10. George Gilder, "Telecosm: The Coming Software Shift", Forbes ASAP, Aug. 28, 1995,
p. 147.
11. Deutschman, op. cit.
12. Tim Berners-Lee, "Spinning the Web: A Place for Everything, and Every thing on
the Web?" Data Communications, Oct. 21, 1997, p. 48.
13. Другие источники: Allison, op. cit.; Paul Andrews, "Web Browser Finds No Honor
at Its Illinois Academic Birthplace", The Seattle Times, Oct. 9,1997; Tim Berners-Lee and Mark
Fischetti, Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web
by Its Inventor, HarperCollins, New York, 1999; Tim Berners-Lee, Robert Cailliau, Ari Luotonen,
Henrik Frystyk, and Nielsen Arthur Secret, "The World Wide Web", Communications of the
ACM, Aug. 1,1994, p. 76; Hal Berghel, "Who Won the Mosaic War?" ACM, vol. 41(10), October
1998, pp. 13-16; Jim Clark and Owen Edwards, Netscape Time: The Making of the Billion-
Dollar Start-Up That Took on Microsoft, St. Martin's Press, New York, 1999; Delia De LaFuente,
"The Champaign Net Work/AVhiz Kids from U. of I. Make Millions in Cyberspace", Chicago
Sun-Times, Sept. 17,1995, p. 33; Peter Elstrom and Kathy Rebello, "A Big Bet on Minibrowsers:
Can Spyglass Score in the Net Appliance Market", Business Week, Oct. 28, 1996, p. 54;
Katie Hafner and Mathew Lyon," Where Wizards Stay Up Late", Touchstone, New York, 1996;
Kim S. Nash, "Browsers Compete for Spotlight", Computerworld, November 1995, p. 61;
Greg R. Notess, "Comparing Web Browsers: Mosaic, Cello, Netscape, Win Web and
Internetworks Lite", Online, March/April 1995, pp. 36—40; Gary Samuels, "Tale of Two
Interneters: Netscape Has Gotten the Headlines, but Spyglass Is Making Money", Forbes Inc.,
September 1995, p. 48; Jared Sandberg, "Designers of Internet's Mosaic Software Plan New
Version in Bid to Set Standard", The Wall Street Journal, Oct. 13,1994, p. B6; Jian-Zhong Zhou,
"The Internet, the World Wide Web, Library Web Browsers and Library Web Servers",
Information Technology and Libraries, Mar. 1, 2000, p. 50.
14. Peter N. Golder and Gerard 1. Tellis, "Will It Ever Fly? Modeling the Takeoff
of Really New Consumer Durables", Marketing Science, 16(3):256-270 (1997).
Глава 8
1. Некоторые идеи этого раздела сформировались под влиянием: Rajesh Chandy
and Gerard J. Tellis, "The Incumbent's Curse? Incumbency, Size and Radical Product
Innovation"', Journal of Marketing, 64(3): 1-17 (July 2000); Rajesh Chandy and Gerard J. Tellis,
"Organizing for Radical Product Innovation", Journal of Marketing Research 35:474-487
(November 1998); Clayton M. Christensen, The Innovator's Dilemma: When New Technologies
Cause Great Firms to Fail, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA, 1997.
2. Gary Jacobson and John Hillkirk, Xerox: American Samurai, Macmillan, New York,
1986, p. 214.
3. Michael Hiltzik, Dealers of Lightning: Xerox PARC and the Dawn of the Computer
Age, HarperBusiness/HarperCollins, New York, 1999, p. 36.
4. George E. Pake, "Research at Xerox PARC: A Founder's Assessment", IEEE Spectrum,
22(10):56 (October 1985).
5. Другие источники: "A Market Mostly for the Giants", Business Week, June 30, 1975,
pp. 71-80; "Xerox's Bid to Be No. 1 in Offices", Business Week, June 22, 1981, pp. 77-78; Robert
X. Cringley, Accidental Empires, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1993; "Xerox: The McColough
Era", Forbes, July 1, 1969, pp. 24-32; "An Apple for Xerox?" Forbes, July 1, 1971, pp. 32-34; "Does Collision", Forbes, Aug. 15,1972, pp. 40-42; Jacob E. Goldman, in Richard S. Rosenbloom, ed., "Innovation in Large Firms", Research in Technological Innovation, Management and Policy, vol. 2, JAI Press, Greenwich, CT, 1985, pp. 1-10; Hiltzik, op. cit.; Jeff Johnson and Teresa L. Roberts, "The Xerox 'Star': A Retrospective", IEEE Computer, September 1989; Peter Kilborn,. "Can Xerox Copy Itself?" The New York Times, Dec. 1, 1974, section 3, p. 1; Pake, op. cit.; George E. Pake, "From Research to Innovation at Xerox: A Manager's Principles and Some Examples", in R. S. Rosenbloom, ed., Research on Technological Innovation, Management and Policy, vol. 3, JAI Press, Greenwich, CT, 1986, pp. 1-32; Tekla S. Perry and Paul Wallich, "Inside the PARC: The 'Information Architects'", IEEE Spectrum, 22(10):54-76 (October 1985); Douglas K. Smith and Robert С Alexander, Fumbling the Future, William Morrow, New York, 1988; Gene Smith, "A Series of Promotions to the Top Post", The New York Times, May 26, 1968; Chuck Thacker, "Personal Distributed Computing: The Alto and Ethernet Hardware", in Edele Goldberg, ed., A History of Personal Workstations, ACM Press, New York, 1988, pp. 267-335.
6. "A Market Mostly for the Giants", op. cit.; "Xerox's Bid to Be No. 1 in Offices",
op. cit..; Cringley, op. cit.; "Xerox: The McColough Era", op. cit.; "An Apple for Xerox?"
op. cit.; "Does Collision", op. cit.; Goldman, op. cit.; Hiltzik, op. cit.; Johnson and
Roberts, op. cit.; Kilborn, op. cit.; Pake, "Research at Xerox PARC", op. cit.; Pake, "From
Research", op. cit.; Perry and Wallich, op. cit.; Smith and Alexander, op. cit.; Smith, Gene,
op. cit.; Thacker, op. cit.
7. Hiltzik, op. cit., p. 131.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid., p. 132.
10. Ibid., p. 133.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid., p. 144.
13. Delia De Lafuente, "The Champaign Net Work/AVhiz Kids from U. of I. Make Millions
in Cyberspace", Chicago Sun-Times, Sept. 17, 1995, p. 33.
14. John Markoff, "A Free and Simple Computer Link", The New York Times, Dec. 8,
1995, p. Dl.
15. Delia De Lafuente, op. cit., 1995.
16. Ibid.
17. Другие источники: Paul Andrews, "Web Browser Finds No Honor at Its Illinois
Academic Birthplace", The Seattle Times, Oct. 9, 1997; Jim Clark and Owen Edwards, Netscape
Time: The Making of the Billion-Dollar Start-Up That Took on Microsoft, St. Martin's Press,
New York, 1999; Alan Deutschman, "Imposter Boy", Gentleman's Quarterly, January 1997;
Stan J. Liebowitz and Stephen E. Margolis, Winners, Losers and Microsoft: Competition and
Antitrust in High Technology, The Independent Institute, Oakland, CA, 1999; "A Short Sleep
before Exploring Version 5.0", ABIX (Australia news abstracts), Aug. 20, 1996; Hal Berghel,
"Who Won the Mosaic War?" ACM, vol. 41(10), October 1998, pp. 13-16; Michael A. Cusumano
and David B. Yoff ie, Competing on Internet Time: Lessons from Netscape and Its Battle with
Microsoft, Free Press/Simon & Schuster, New York, 1998; Gilder George, "Telecosm: The Coming
Software Shift", Forbes ASAP, Aug. 28, 1995, pp. 147 ff.; Katie Hafner and Mathew Lyon,
"Where Wizards Stay Up Late", Touch stone, New York, 1996; Robert D. Hof, "From the Man
Who Brought You Silicon Graphics... Can Jim Clark Score Again with User-Friendly Internet
Software?" Business Week, Oct. 24, 1994, p. 90; Scott McMurray, "Diplomas and Dollars:
The University of Illinois Churns Out Big-Time Software Entrepreneurs, Champaign, 111." U.S. News & World Report, 1996, pp. 48-49; Paul Merrion, "A Tangle in School's Netscape Win", Crain Communications Inc., 09, Oct. 19, 1995; Julie Pitta, "Investors Get Caught Up in the Netscape", Los Angeles Times, 1995, pp. D3, D5; Vivian Pospisil and John Teresko, "50 R&D Stars to Watch", Industry Week, Dec. 19, 1994, p. 60; "University of Illinois and Netscape Communications Reach Agreement", PR Newswire, Dec. 21, 1994; Gary Samuels, "Tale of Two Interneters: Netscape Has Gotten the Headlines, but Spyglass Is Making Money", Forbes Inc., Sept. 1995, p. 48; Jared Sandberg, "Netscape Has Technical Whiz in Andreessen", The Wall Street Journal, Aug. 11, 1995, p. BI.
18. "Looking Ahead", Fortune, Dec. 28, 1992, p. 32.
19. "ASAP Interview Bill Gates", Forbes ASAP, Dec. 7, 1992, pp. 63, 74.
20. David Allison, "Bill Gates Interview", National Museum of American History,
Smithsonian Institution, http://www.americanhistory.si.edu/csr/comphist/gates.htm.
21. Jeffrey Young, Greatest Technology Stories, Wiley, New York, 1998, p. 258.
22. "ASAP Interview Bill Gates", op. cit., p. 71.
23. Daniel Ichbiah and Susan Knepper, The Making of Microsoft, Prima Publishing,
Rocklin, CA, 1991, p. 40.
24. Другие источники: Paul E. Ceruzzi, A History of Modern Computing, MIT Press,
Cambridge, MA, 1999; Cringley op. cit.; Paul Freiberger and Michael Swaine, Fire in the Valley:
The Making of the Personal Computer, Osborne/McGraw-Hill, Berkeley, CA, 1984; Janet Lowe,
Bill Gates Speaks: Insight from the World's Greatest Entrepreneur, Wiley, New York, 1998;
Joel N. Shurkin, Engines of the Mind: A History of the Computer, Norton, New York, 1984;
Randall E. Stress, The Microsoft Way, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1996.
Глава 9
1. Robert A. Sigafoos, Absolutely, Positively Overnight. St. Luke's Press, Memphis, TN,
1983, p. 34.
2. Ibid., p. 36.
3. Ibid., pp. 49-50.
4. Ibid., p. 62.
5. Ibid., p. 23.
6. Другие источники: "A New Kind of Flight Plan for Small Freight", BusinessWeek,
Nov. 3, 1973, p. 3; "Why Airlines Fear the 'Federal Express Bill,'" BusinessWeek, Sept. 13, 1976,
p. 116; Christopher H. Lovelock, "Federal Express (A)", Harvard Business School Publishing,
9-577-042, Boston, 1976; Christopher H. Lovelock, "Federal Express (B)", Harvard Business
School Publishing, 9-579-040, Boston, 1978; Sigafoos, op. cit.; Winston Williams, The New
York Times, Jan. 1, 1979, p. 1; John D. Williams and Steve Frazier, "Federal Hustles to Keep
Ahead of Emery in the Fast-Growing Air-Express Market", The Wall Street Journal Stories,
Sept. 11, 1979; Milton Moskowitz, "The Overnight Delivery Revolution", The San Francisco
Chronicle, Jan. 4, 1985, p. 35.
7. Robert D. Hof, "From the Man Who Brought You Silicon Graphics... Can Jim Clark
Score Again with User-Friendly Internet Software?" Business Week, Oct. 24, 1994, p. 90.
8. Jim Clark and Owen Edwards, Netscape Time: The Making of the Billion-Dollar Start
up That Took on Microsoft, St. Martin's Press, New York, 1999, pp. 120-121.
9. Rick Tetzeli and Shaifali Puri, "What It's Really Like to Be Marc Andreessen...", Fortune, Dec. 9, 1996, p. 136 ff.
10. Jim Clark and Owen Edwards, op. cit., p. 191.
11. Другие источники: Paul Andrews, "Web Browser Finds No Honor at Its Illinois
Academic Birthplace", The Seattle Times, Oct. 9, 1997; Jim Clark and Owen Edwards, Netscape
Time: The Making of the Billion-Dollar Start-Up That Took on Microsoft, St. Martin's Press,
New York, 1999, pp. 120-121; Stan J. Liebowitz and Stephen E. Margolis, Winners, losers
and Microsoft: Competition and Antitrust in High Technology, The Independent Institute,
Oakland, CA, 1999; "A Short Sleep before Exploring Version 5.0", ABIX (Australia news
abstracts), Aug. 20,1996; Hal Berghel, "Who Won the Mosaic War?" ACM, vol. 41(10), October
1998, pp. 13-16; "Mosaic Quest Closes in Redmond Original", Computer Business Review,
Feb. 1997, p. 1; Michael A. Cusumano and David B. Yoffie, Competing on Internet Time: Lessons
from Netscape and Its Battle with Microsoft, Free Press/Simon & Schuster, New York, 1998;
Katie Hafner and Mathew Lyon, Where Wizards Stay Up Late, Touchstone, New York, 1996;
Hof, op. cit.; Scott McMurray, "Diplomas and Dollars: The University of Illinois Churns Out
Big-Time Software Entrepreneurs; Champaign, III." U.S. News & World Report, 1996,
pp. 48-49; Julie Pitta, "Investors Get Caught Up in the Netscape", Los Angeles Times, 1995,
pp. D3, D5; Vivian Pospisil and John Teresko, "50 R&D Stars to Watch", Industry Week,
Dec. 19, 1994, p. 60; "University of Illinois and Netscape Communications Reach Agreement",
PR Newswire, Dec. 21, 1994; Gary Samuels, "Tale of Two Interneters: Netscape Has Gotten
the Headlines, but Spyglass Is Making Money", Forbes Inc., September 1995, p. 48; Jared
Sandberg, "Netscape Has Technical Whiz in Andreessen", The Wall Street Journal, Aug. 11,
1995, p. Bl; Jared Sandberg, "Designers of Internet's Mosaic Software Plan New Version in
Bid to Set Standard", The Wall Street Journal, Oct. 13, 1994, p. B6; Gordon McKibben, Cutting
Edge: Gillette's Journey to Global Leadership, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, 1998.
12. King С Gillette, "Origin of the Gillette Razor", The Gillette Blade, February 1918, p. 7.
13. King С Gillette, "Origin of the Gillette Razor", The Gillette Blade, March 1918, p. 7.
14. Другие источники: Russell В. Adams, Jr., KingC. Gillette: The Man and His Wonderful
Shaving Device, Little, Brown, Boston, 1978; George B. Baldwin, "The Invention of the Modern
Safety Razor: A Case Study of Industrial Innovation", Explorations in Entrepreneurial History,
1951, pp. 71-104; King С Gillette, "Intensive Cooperation", The Gillette Blade, August 1918,
p. 5; King С Gillette, "How the 'Gillette' Looks to Mr. Gillette after Twenty-Five Years",
The Gillette Blade, September 1920, pp. 3-6; William E. Nickerson, "The Development of the
Gillette Safety Razor", The Gillette Blade, December 1918, pp. 5-13; William E. Nickerson,
"The Development of the Gillette Safety Razor", The Gillette Blade, January 1919, pp. 6-18.
15. Michael Krantz, "Cruising inside Amazon", Time Dec. 27, 1999, pp. 68-71
16. Debra Aho Williamson, "Marketer of the Year: Amazon.com", Advertising Age,
Dec. 13, 1999, pp. 1, 36.
17. Seth Schiesel, "Payoff Still Elusive in Internet Gold Rush", The New York Times,
Jan. 2, 1997, p. C17.
18. Jeff Bezos, Amazon.com, Annual Report, 1997.
19. Jeff Bezos, Amazon.com, Annual Report, 1998.
20. Doreen Carvajal, "The Other Battle over Browsers: Barnes & Noble and Other Online
Booksellers Are Poised to Challenge Amazon.com", The New York Times, Mar. 9, 1998,
pp. Dl, D4.
21. "A Fable Concerning Ambition", The Economist, June 21, 1997, p. 69.
22. Другие источники: Amazon.com, Annual Report, 1999; Amazon.com Web site, www.amazon.com; Amazon.com, Inc., 10-K Report, 1998; Amazon.com, Inc., 10-K Report, 1999; Amazon.com, Inc., 10-K Report, 2000; Lynda M. Applegate and Meredith Collura, "Amazon.com: Exploiting the Value of Digital Business Infrastructure", Harvard Business School Case 9-800-330 (2000); Barnes and Noble Web site, www.bn.com; Borders Web site, www.borders.com; Allison Fass "Amazon Leads in Holiday Advertising", The New York Times, Dec. 13, 2000; p. 7; Pankaj Ghemawat and Bret Baird, "Leadership Online: Barnes & Noble vs. Amazon.com", Harvard Business School Case 9—798—063 (1998); John Heilemann "The Networker", The New Yorker, Aug. 11, 1997, pp. 28—36; Nick Higham, "Amazon Success Story Built on Traditional Marketing Expertise", Marketing Week, Oct. 14, 1999, p. 17; Robert D. Hof, "The Most Influential People in Electronic Business", Business Week, Sept. 27, 1999, p. 25; Carol Hymowitz "How Amazon.com Staffs a Juggernaut: It's Not about Resumes", The Wall Street Journal, May 4, 1999, p. Bl; Paul С Judge and Heather Green, "The Name's the Thing: Dot.com's Are Spending like Mad to Establish an Identity", Business Week, Nov. 15, 1999, pp. 36-39; G. Bruce Knecht, "How Wall Street Whiz Found a Niche Selling Books on the Internet", The Wall Street Journal, May 16,1996, pp. AI, A8; Carin-Isabel Knoop and Cate Reavis, "Selling Books Onlinein Mid-1998", Harvard Business School Case 9-899-038 (1998); "Delphi Service Features Books & Software from HarperCollins", Link-Up, April 1995, p. 44; "Amazon.com Posts Loss, but Less Than Expected", Los Angeles Times, Apr. 29, 1994, p. 4; Rebecca Quick, "Barnes & Noble.com to Replace Amazon.com as Top Bookseller Advertising on Yahoo!" The Wall Street Journal, Sept. 19, 2000, p. B23; Rebecca Quick, "E-Retailers Say, 'Bah Humbug!' to Lavish Ads", The Wall Street Journal, Sept. 22,2000, p. Bl; Joshua Quittner, "An Eye on the Future", Time, Dec. 27, 1999; Jeffrey F. Rayport and Dickson L. Louie, "Amazon.com (A)", Harvard Business School Case 9—897—128 (1997); Calvin Reid, "Amazon.corn's Jeff Bezos", Publisher's Weekly, Jan. 5, 1998, p. 12; William A. Sahlman and Laurence E. Katz, "Amazon.corn-Going Public", Harvard Business School Case 9—899—003 (1998); Robert Spector, Get Big Fast: Amazon.com, HarperBusiness, 2000; Randall E. Stross, "Why Barnes & Noble May Crush Amazon", Fortune, Sept. 29, 1997, pp. 248-250; John R. Wilke "Visiting a Bookstore by Switching on a PC", The Wall Street Journal, Jan. 11, 1993, p. Bl; Wordworth Web site, www.wordsworth.com.
Глава 10
1. В отдельных случаях сильные стороны производства, продаж и дистрибуции
также могут быть перенесены относительно легко. Например, Coca-Cola и Anheuser-
Busch умело использовали свои сильные качества, а равно и сильные брэнды, при
относительно позднем, но успешном выводе, соответственно, Diet Coke и Bud Light.
Однако, как мы увидим дальше, во многих других случаях те же самые активы не столь
легко могут быть перенесены в новую категорию и должны рассматриваться как
специализированные активы.
2. Rajesh Chandy and Gerard J. Tellis, "Organizing for Radical Product Innovation",
Journal of Marketing Research, 35:474-487 (November 1998).
3. Leah Nathans Spiro and Linda Himelstein, "With the World Wide Web, Who Needs
Wall Street", Business Week, Apr. 29, 1996, p. 120.
4. Beth Healy, "Battle of the Brokers Heats Up", The Boston Globe, Apr. 2, 2000, p. K7.
5. Spiro and Himelstein, op. cit.
6. Rebecca McReynolds, "Doing It the Schwab Way", US Banker, July 1998, p. 47.
7. Erick Schonfeld, "Schwab Puts It All Online", Fortune, Dec. 7, 1998, pp. 94-96.
8. Ibid.
9. Другие источники: Ameritrade Web site, www.ameritrade.com; Stephen P. Bradley
and Takia Mahmood, "Retail Financial Services in 1998: Charles Schwab", Harvard Business
School Case 9-799-052 (1998); Robert A. Burgelman and Jeff Maggioncalda, "The Charles
Schwab Corporation in 1996", Stanford University Graduate School of Business Case SM-
35 (1996); Gaston F. Ceron, "Online Brokers Are Expected to Post Weakened Results", The
Wall Street Journal, Jan. 16, 2001; Charles Schwab Web site, www.schwab.com; E*trade Web
site, www.etrade.com; Saroja Girishankar, "Schwab Makes the Trade-Migrating Millions of
Customers and Huge Legacy Systems to the Web Was an Eye-Opener for Precocious Charles
Schwab", Internetweek, May 25,1998, p. 30; John Gorham, "Charles Schwab Version 4.0", Forbes,
Jan. 8, 2001, p. 88; Linda Himelstein, "Schwab Is Fighting on Three Fronts", Business Week,
Mar. 10, 1997, p. 94.
10. Douglas K. Smith, and Robert C. Alexander, Fumbling the Future, William Morrow,
New York, 1988, p. 183.
11. Tekla S. Perry and Paul Wallich, "Inside the PARC: The 'Information Architects,'"
IEEE Spectrum, 22(10): 54-76 (October 1985).
12. Ibid.
13. Smith and Alexander, op. cit.
14. В 1981-м Xerox наконец представила интегрированную офисную компью
терную систему Star. Она была создана на базе Alto и поставлялась в сетевом варианте,
с графическим интерфейсом, мышкой, текстовым процессоров и лазерным принтером.
Однако она появилась слишком поздно и по слишком высокой для того момента цене
в $16595. В это время специальные устройства для обработки текстов стоили вполовину
меньше, а недорогие персональные компьютеры стоили дешевле $3000. В очередной
раз продукт Xerox проиграл в цене.
15. Michael Hiltzik, Dealers of Lightning: Xerox PARC and the Dawn of the Computer
Age, HarperBusiness/HarperCollins, New York, 1999, p. 359.
16. Другие источники: "A Market Mostly for the Giants", Business Week, June 30,1975,
pp. 71—80; "Why Xerox's Money Machine Slows Down", Business Week, Apr. 5, 1976, p. 60;
"The New Lean, Mean Xerox", Business Week, Oct. 12, 1981, pp. 126-132; "Xerox's Bid to Be
No. 1 in Offices", Business Week, June 22, 1981, pp. 77-78; Susan Chace, "Xerox Introduces
an office System for Nontypists", The Wall Street Journal, Apr. 28,1981, p. 4; Robert X. Cringley,
Accidental Empires, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1993; "Two Men & an Idea", Forbes, Sept.
15, 1962, p. 17; "Xerox: The McColough Era", Forbes, July 1, 1969, pp. 24-32 (innovation
and asset leverage); Jacob E. Goldman, "Innovation in Large Firms", in Richard S. Rosenbloom,
ed., Research in Technological Innovation, Management and Policy, vol. 2, JAI Press, Greenwich,
CT, 1985, pp 1-10; Hiltzik, op. cit.; Michael A. Hiltzik, "Fans Celebrate Fallen Xerox Star",
The Los Angeles Times, June 22, 1998; Gary Jacobson and John Hillkirk, Xerox: American
Samurai, Macmillan, New York, 1986; Jeff Johnson and Teresa L. Roberts, "The Xerox 'Star':
A Retrospective", IEEE Computer, September 1989; David T. Kearns and David A. Nadler,
Prophets in the Dark, Harper Business, New York, 1992; Peter Kilborn, "Can Xerox Copy Itself?"
The New York Times, Dec. 1, 1974; Roger Lowenstein, "History of Xerox Is a Cautionary Tale
for Netscape", The Salt Lake Tribune, Aug. 18, 1995, p. B10; George E. Pake, "Research at
Xerox PARC: A Founder's Assessment", IEEE Spectrum, 22, (10) 54-61 (1985); George E. Pake, "From Research to Innovation at Xerox: A Manager's Principles and Some Examples", in R. S. Rosenbloom, ed., Research on Technological Innovation, Management and Policy, vol. 3, JAI Press, Greenwich, CT, 1986, pp. 1-32; Perry and Wallich, op. cit.; Andrew Pollack, "Xerox Stalks the Automated Office", The New York Times, May 3, 1981, section 3, p. 4; Joel Shurkin, Engines of the Mind: The Evolution of the Computer from Mainframes to Microprocessors, Norton, New York, 1996; Smith and Alexander, op. cit.; Gene Smith, "A Series of Promotions to the Top Post", The New York Times, May 26, 1968; Chuck Thacker, "Personal Distributed Computing: The Alto and Ethernet Hardware", in Edele Goldberg, ed., A History of Personal Workstations, ACM Press, New York, 1988, pp. 267-335; Bro Utall "Xerox Is Trying Too Hard", Fortune, Mar. 13, 1978, pp. 84—94; An Wang and Eugene Linden, Lesons: An Autobiography, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1986. Joseph C. Wilson, "The Product Nobody Wanted", Nation's Business, February 1969, pp. 67-70.
17. William Gates, "The Internet Tidal Wave", http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/trial/
mswitness/maritz/rnaritz_full.asp (1995).
18. Jim Clark and Owen Edwards, Netscape Time: The Making of the Billion Dollar
Start-Up That Took on Microsoft, St. Martin's Press, New York, 1999, p. 59.
19. Mark Evans, "Fight to Finish: Microsoft, Netscape Step Up Race for Control of Internet
Software Market", The Financial Post, Mar. 14, 1996, p. 8.
20. Charles Williford and Dan Moore, "Will Microsoft Catch Netscape?" Computerworld,
vol. 29, April 1996, p. 81.
21. Gates, op. cit.
22. William Gates, http://www.microsoft.com/BillGates/speeches/12-7-95 (1995).
23. David B. Yoffie, "Microsoft Goes Online: MSN 1996", Harvard Business School
Publishing case, 9-798-019, Boston, Nov. 24, 1997.
24. Robert X. Cringley, "Triumph of the Nerds", http://www.pbs.org/nerds/
transcript.html (1996).
25. Ibid.
26. Paul Carroll, Big Blues: The Unmaking of IBM, Crown Publishers, New York, 1993,
p. 1.
27. "Personal Computers: And the Winner Is IBM", Business Week, Oct. 3, 1983,
p. 86.
28. James Chposky and Ted Leonsis, Blue Logic: The People, Power and Politics behind
the IBM Personal Computer, Facts on File, New York, 1988, pp. 62-63.
29. "Personal Computers: And the Winner Is IBM", op. cit.
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