B. PRACTICING

Exercise 2.16. Make sentence chains with if to show how things could have been different:

E.g. If Sam hadn’t worked hard, he wouldn’t have passed his exams. If he hadn’t passed his exam, he wouldn’t have gone to university. If he hadn’t gone to the university, etc.

1. Sam worked hard – he passed exams – he went to university – he studied languages – he learnt Chinese – he went to China – he went climbing in Tibet – he tried to climb Everest – he disappeared in a snowstorm.

2. Peter’s alarm clock didn’t work – he woke up late – he was late for work – his boss was annoyed – his boss criticized him – Peter made a sarcastic remark – he was dismissed – he became unemployed.

3. Thomas Brown bought a bicycle – he went for a ride in the country – he fell off – he woke up in hospital – he met a beautiful nurse – he wrote a best-selling novel about her – he got rich – he married the beautiful nurse and had three charming children – they lived happily ever after.

4. Mary’s mother went out that evening – Mary cooked herself – she got interested in cooking – she opened a very successful restaurant – she had Prime Minister as customer – the PM ordered mussels – the mussels poisoned the PM – the PM died – Mary went to prison for life.

5. Helen had to stay late at work on Friday – she didn’t manage to buy any wine for her weekend birthday party – she took a few Martini bottles from her office – she was accused of theft on Monday – she was fired – she came home earlier – she found her boyfriend with another woman – she left her boyfriend – she was very upset – she decided to go to the pub to sink her grief in alcohol – she met a nice handsome guy – she started her life anew.

6. Nicolas Van Orton was a very successful tycoon – he was sure that everything was under his control – his life seemed boring to him – he wanted to add some spice to it – he was given a ticket for “The Game” as a birthday present – he decided to take part in it – he suddenly found his money, his status and his whole life at stake – he had to fight for survival.

7. The Titanic was thought of as impossible to sink – on her first trip the captain made a bet to reach New York earlier than planned – all her capacities were exploited – the ship went very fast – she was unable to maneuver in time – she hit an iceberg in the dark – she sank – she caused over 1500 deaths.

8. Michael Crichton was interested in anthropology – he took a degree at Harvard – then he qualified as a medical doctor – he wrote a number of non-fiction books on medical science – he decided to write fiction – he became a screenwriter and producer – he created Jurassic Park, The Great Train Robbery, Rising Sun and many other famous works.

9. Frank Abagnale was one of the smartest forger in the world – he passed millions of dollars in bad checks – he posed at various times as a doctor, a lawyer and even an FBI agent – he became the youngest man to make the FBI’s most-wanted list for forgery – he was finally imprisoned – he eventually became a consultant for the FBI in the field of white-collar crime.

10. A Mexican painter Frida Kahlo got into a trolley accident in her youth – she got her body all broken – she struggled a life of wracking pain – she fought her sufferings with fierce determination – she reflected her feelings and emotions on canvas – she created very original and extraordinary pictures – they were described as ‘agonized poetry on canvas’ – she was considered the 20^th century icon

11. Eva Duarte was born an illegitimate child in the low middle-class family – she wanted to get rich and famous at any cost – she became an actress – she worked on national radio – an army officer Juan D. Peron fell in love with her – they got married – she promoted his political popularity among ordinary people – Juan D. Peron was elected President of Argentina – Eva Peron became the First Lady.

12. Heinrich Harrer was a famous German climber in the 1930s – he wanted his name known world-wide – he went to climb in the Himalayas – his expedition was arrested when the World War II broke out – he was kept in a prison camp in India – he managed to escape – he got to Lhasa, the holy capital of the then independent state of Tibet – the young Dalai Lama got interested in his personality – Heinrich Harrer and Dalai Lama became close friends.

Exercise 2.17. Make sentences using It’s time you/he, etc.:

E.g. You ought to clean that car ⇨ It’s time you cleaned that car.

1. He ought to go to bed. 2. She should get her hair cut. 3. We ought to have a holiday. 4. You need to cut the grass. 5. You should wash that sweater. 6. You ought to stop smoking. 7. He ought to grow up. 8. He ought to paint the kitchen. 9. He needs a new car. 10. That team hasn’t won a match for ages.

Exercise 2.18. Rewrite the second sentence in each conversation, starting with I’d rather you / we / etc.:

E.g.. “You’d better phone Judy.” “No, you phone her.” ⇨ I’d rather you phoned her.

1. “Let’s talk things over.” “No, let’s talk tomorrow.”

2. “Shall I come at nine?” “Ten would be better.”

3. “I’ll phone Sue.” “No, don’t.”

4. “Can she work with you?” “Why doesn’t she work with Maggie?”

5. “I’ll cook tomorrow.” “Tonight would be better.”

6. “Ask that policeman.” “You ask him.”

7. Mark wants to go out.” “I’d prefer him to stay in.”

8. “Can they use our sheet?” ”It would be more convenient if they brought their own.”

9. The government want to cut taxes.” “It would be better if they did something about the homeless.”

10. “Shall I open the window?” “No don’t.”

Exercise 2.19. Change the sentences beginning with I wish…/If only… to express you wishes or regrets:

1. He smokes. 2. I don’t speak Japanese. 3. I haven’t got a car. 5. I’m not hardworking. 6. I’m bad at sport. 7. I don’t like dancing. 8. It rains all the time. 9. She works on Sundays. 10. I can’t eat eggs. 11. The radio doesn’t work. 12. You’re not very fit. 13. It’s very hot today. 14. It’s raining. 15. You’re too impatient. 16. You wasted a lot of time watching TV. 17. They don’t have many friends. 18. They didn’t lock the back door! 19. He is abroad. 20. John didn’t take your advice.

Exercise 2.20. make two sentences expressing your regret about the problem and saying how they could have been avoided, using the phrases from the box:

E.g. (I’ve failed the test) – I wish I hadn’t failed the test. If only I had revised the rules.

play fewer computer games keep calm waste water lose temper walk more use bins watch less TV use car less often save water let someone else drive take more exercise protect forest drive carefully recycle more paper take rubbish home eat less

1. (I’ve gained a lot of weight) I wish ……… If only………

2. (The rivers and reservoirs have dried up.) I wish ……… If only………

3. (He crashed his car.) I wish ……… If only………

4. (He had a row with his best friend.) I wish ……… If only………

5. (People drop litter in the street.) I wish ……… If only………

6. (We are cutting down too many trees.) I wish ……… If only………

7. (People use their cars when they don’t need to.) I wish ……… If only………

8. (Children don’t read enough nowadays.) I wish ……… If only………

Exercise 2.21. Paraphrase the sentences using ‘ But for ’ or ‘ If it were not for ’:

1. If it were not raining, we would go for a walk. 2. If you hadn’t helped me out, I would never have opened the door. 3. If you were not here, we would be lost. 4. If Dennis hadn’t done all the bargain, I would have paid double the price. 5. If Paul weren’t so knowledgeable, they would still be working on that project. 6. Were it not so late, I’d certainly call her. 7. If Dad hadn’t interfered, the car would have swerved off the road. 8. Had the computer been in order I would have sent her a message long ago. 9. If you hadn’t warned us in time, we wouldn’t have been able to gather so much evidence. 10. If she weren’t so bad-tempered, he’d probably go out with her.

Exercise 2.22. Look at the situations described below. For each one make a sentence using if:

E.g. He is not friendly, because he doesn’t know who we are. ⇨ If he knew who we were he ’d be more friendly.

E.g. She arrived in time that’s why she knew what to do. ⇨ If she hadn’t arrived in time, she wouldn’t have known what to do.

1. Road travel is cheaper than rail travel in this country. As a result we have lots of traffic jams.

2. Cutting down rainforests has caused many unique plants and animals to become extinct.

3. I can’t take much exercise because I don’t have enough time.

4. Many people didn’t realize that smoking was dangerous when they were young. Now that they’re middle-aged, they have serious health problems.

5. Hardly anyone was concerned about pollution in the 1960s. The first motorways were built then.

6. The schoolchildren sowed some seeds, but they forgot to water them so they didn’t grow.

7. It’s important to protect wildlife now or there will be nothing left for the future generations.

8. People don’t realize how important it is to conserve energy, so they do nothing about it.

9. Many poor farmers are encouraged to grow crops to sell instead of food. This means they have problems feeding their families when prices fall.

10. He was caught red-handed while stealing a purse, that’s why he was arrested.

Exercise 2.23. Make new sentences, using mixed conditionals:

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