II. General Statement about the Article

1. The object/ purpose of the article is to present/ to discuss/ to describe/ to show/ to develop/ to give...

2. The article puts forward the idea/ attempts to determine...

3. The article discusses some problems relating to/ deals with some aspects of/ considers the problem of/ presents the basic theory/ provides information on/ reviews the basic principles of/ is concerned with/ is devoted to…

4. The author of the article describes/ presents/ gives/ informs on the problem/event/ phenomenon/ situation/product...

5. It is reflected in the title of the article "..."

III. Further description goes on in accordance with the way the information is arranged in the article

1. Pattern "Main idea and supporting details"

If the information is arranged according to this pattern the main idea of the article is to be found in the first paragraph and the rest of the article provides supporting or developing information to the major topic.

Useful words and phrases:

The author of the article states the main idea in the first para­graph...

It deals with...

Firstly as the supporting detail he presents the figures/description/situation on...

Secondly he gives the following examples...

At the next stage the author describes...

Finally he sums up/summarizes...

2. “Descriptive” pattern

Texts arranged according to this pattern describe a certain phenomenon, event, product etc.

Useful words and phrases

The author subsequently describes/gives the description of

The description is organized/arranged/presented from up to down/ inside to outside/ from general information to detail...

Firstly/ in the first place..., to start with..., first of all..., sec­ondly..., at the next stage..., thirdly..., at last, finally..., to sum up, in conclusion …

3. “Chronological sequence” pattern

Texts arranged according to this pattern present the information in the chronological order. It is strongly recommended to pay attention to the adverbs of time used by the author and include them into your presentation.

Useful words and phrases

То start with the author states the fact of...

At the first stage/ initially he describes...

The second step is/ Secondly he informs us on...

Besides he tells us.../ furthermore he tells us...

Thirdly/ Then/ After that he depicts...

Next/ Subsequently he reports on...

Finally/At the final stage he sums up...

4. "Analogy and/or contrast" pattern

Texts arranged according to this pattern contain a comparative description of two or more phenomena with the aim to point out similarities and differences between them.

Useful words and phrases

First of all the author describes/ depicts/ characterizes/ enumerates the similar/ alternative features/ characteristics of...

At first sight there is an impression that...

The common/ alternative features are as follows...

Also/ In addition/ Besides/ Moreover he states the fact that...

In short/ In brief the difference/similarity is that...

5. “Argumentative” pattern

Texts arranged according to this pattern present arguments for and against the phenomenon described. It is strongly recommended to group and number first advantages and then disadvantages or vice versa depending on the author’s position.

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