Word-building. Negative prefix in-(im-, ir-, il-) ____

Negative prefix in-(im-, ir-, il-) ____________________________________________

Sufficient ≠ insufficient

Possible ≠ impossible (im-+ B,M,P)

Regular ≠ irregular (ir- +R)

Legal ≠ illegal (il- +L)

_____________________________________________

Exercise 4. Make up the words with the opposite meaning by means of suffix in- (im-, ir-, il-) and translate them.

Effective, perfect, sufficient, real, responsible, adequate, reversible, moral, logical, personal, movable, frequent, resistant

Grammar

Participles

___________________________________________

The doctor examining the patient was my father.

The patient examined by the doctor was my father.

___________________________________________

Exercise 5. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the form of Participles:

1.Oxygenated blood is bright-red.

2. In most insects, their “blood”, called hemolymph, does not contain oxygen-carrying molecules such as hemoglobin.

3. The combined surface area of all red blood cells of the human body 2,000 times as great as the body’s exterior surface.

4. Blood plasma is an aqueous solution containing 92% of water.

5. The proportion of blood occupied by red blood cells is normally about 45%.

6. Plasma circulates dissolved nutrients and removes wast products.

7. Carbon dioxide is a waste product of metabolism produced by cells.

Exercise 6. Read and translate the text:

BLOOD

Blood is a bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body’s cells – such as oxygen and nutrients – and transports waste products away from the cells.

It is composed of blood cells and blood plasma.

About 55% of whole blood is plasma. The blood plasma volume is 2.7-3.0 liters in an average human. It is essentially an aqueous solution containing 92% of water, 8% of proteins, and trace amount of other materials. The term serum refers to plasma from which the clotting proteins have been removed.

The blood cells are red blood cells (also called RBCs or erythrocytes) and white blood cells (leukocytes) and platelet.

Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, an iron-containing protein, which facilitates transportation of oxygen. Red blood cells are the most numerous cellular elements.

White blood cells are part of the immune system. They help to resist infections and parasites.

Platelets (thrombocytes) are important in the clotting of blood. Ineffective or insufficient platelets can result in bleeding disorders. Hypercoagulation can cause thrombosis.

Blood is an important vector of infection. HIV, the virus, which causes AIDS, is transmitted through contact with blood, semen or other body secretions of an infected person. Hepatitis B and C are transmitted primarily through blood contact.

Bacterial infection of the blood is bacteremia or sepsis.

Medical terms related to blood often begin with hemo - or hemato - (also spelled haemo - and haemato -).

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 7. Complete the questions to the text and answer them:

1. What elements …?

2. What amount of proteins …?

3. Is hemoglobin …?

4. Do leukocytes help …?

5. What blood cells are important in …?

6. What viruses are…?

7. What terms often begin with …?

Exercise 8. Choose from the text synonymic words and expressions to the given ones:

erythrocyte, leukocyte, thrombocyte, sepsis, coagulation, hemorrhage, required substances, to make easier, to result in, to convey, water solution, the source of infection.

Exercise 9. Insert the proper participle:

1. Blood (associating, associated) with a large number of believes (вірування) is a symbol for family relationships.

2. Viral infections (transmitting, transmitted) through blood are extremely dangerous to people.

3. Arteries are blood vessels (carrying, carried) blood from the heart.

4. Hepatitis B is transmitted by (infecting, infected) blood or blood products, or Hemoglobin is an iron- (containing, contained) protein.

5. Nutrients (dissolving, dissolved) in blood are delivered to the body’s tissues.

Exercise 10. Define the terms:

1. Blood is …

2. Blood plasma is …

3. are …

4. Leukocytes are …

5. Thrombocytes are …

6. Blood plasma is …

7. Sepsis is …

VITAMINS

Exercise 1. Learn the new words:

compound— суміш, сполука diverse - різноманітний nutrient - поживна речовина carbohydrate - вуглевод sufficient - достатній assist - допомагати, сприяти exception - виняток

heal - виліковувати, загоювати, заживати

expose - піддавати (чомусь - to)

fatty acid - жирна кислота

performance - продуктивність

store - накопичувати

outer - зовнішній

ingest - ковтати

Exercise 2. Form nouns with the help of the following suffixes; translate the nouns into your language:

-ance(-ence): perform, assist, differ, maintain, appear, occur, disturb, resist -ion: except, protect, direct, ingest, suggest, correct, infect, solute, palpate _t

Exercise 3. Translate the word combinations into your language:

Organic compound, sufficient quantity, single exception, essential nutrients, fatty acid, amino acid, water-soluble vitamins, fat-soluble vitamins, be stored in the fatty tissue, ingest frequently, excreted through the urine, diverse biochemical functions, maintain body tissues, immune system's performance, outer cell membrane, deficiency disease, vitamin poisoning. Exercise 4. Translate the sentences into your language paying attention to the use of modal verbs with active and passive infinitives:

- Water-soluble vitamins must be used by the body at once.

- Vitamin B12 is the only water-soluble vitamin that can be stored in the liver for many years.

- You.can develop health problems if you do not get enough vitamins.

- Any woman who is pregnant should get enough folic acid.

- High doses of certain vitamins can be poisonous.

- Oil-soluble vitamins can be stored for long periods of time in the body's fatty tissue and the liver.

Exercise 5. Read the text:

A vitamin is an organic compound required as a nutrient in tiny amounts by an organism. In other words, an organic chemical compound is called a vitamin when it cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities by an organism, and must be obtained from the diet. If a molecule can be synthesized in the body, it is not a vitamin. The single exception to this rule is vitamin D which can be synthesized in the skin, but only when exposed to sunlight and Niacin (B3) which itself can be synthesized in the liver in small amounts. The term vitamin does not also include other essential nutrients such as minerals, fatty acids, or amino acids (which are needed in larger amounts than vitamins).

Vitamins are classified as either water-soluble or fat-soluble. There are 13 universally recognized vitamins: 4 fat-soluble (A, D. E. and K.) and 9 water-soluble (8 В vitamins and vitamin C). Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the body's fatty tissue, so they do not need to be ingested every day. Water soluble vitamins cannot be stored, with the exceptions of Bi and Folic Acid and must be ingested frequently for optimal health. They are easily excreted through the urine.

Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. For example, vitamin A helps to develop and maintain body tissues such as bone and skin; it also helps the body's vision, nervous system functioning, reproduction, and growth. The В vitamins are responsible for increasing the

production of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates as well as assisting with metabolism, building red blood cells, and maintaining the protection of the nervous system. Vitamin C helps form tissues, cells, bones and teeth; heals wounds; and improves the immune system's performance. Vitamin E protects the outer cell membranes from harm, thus assisting the immune system in fighting off diseases.

A diet naturally high in vitamins and minerals can be the best defense against many diseases. You can develop health problems (deficiency disease) if you do not get enough of a particular vitamin. But it is also important to remember that high doses of certain vitamins can cause vitamin poisoning. Exercise 6. Answer the questions:

- What vitamin can be synthesized in the body?

- How are vitamins classified?

- Which vitamins are fat-soluble?

- Which vitamins are water-soluble?

- How many vitamins are universally recognized?

- Why is it unnecessary to ingest fat-soluble vitamins daily?

- How are water-soluble vitamins excreted out of the body?

- What functions do vitamins have?

- What are В vitamins responsible for?

- What are the functions of vitamin A? _%

- What happens when an individual doesn't get enough of a particular vitamin?

- What can high doses of certain vitamins cause⁹

Exercise 7. Translate the following word combinations into English:

Різноманітні біохімічні функції, викликати отруєння вітаминами, захищати зовнішню клітинну оболонку від пошкодження, органічна сполука, покращувати продуктивність імунної системи, розвивати авітаміноз, виділяти з сечею, допомогати підтримувати тканини тіла, у достатній кількості, єдиний виняток з цього правила, жирні кислоти та амінокислоти, потрібно споживати щоденно, необхідні поживні речовини, накопичуватися у жировій тканині, водорозчинні вітаміни, жиророзчинні вітаміни. Exercise 8. Put questions to the underlined words:

1 Vitamin D can be synthesized in t he bod y.

2 Water-soluble vitamins must be ingested frequently.

3 Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions.

4 High doses of certain vitamins can cause vitamin poisoning.

5 Vitamin C helps form tissues, cells, bones and teeth.

6 Vitamin E protects the outer cell membranes from harm.

Exercise 11. Translate the sentences into English paying attention to modal verbs with active and passive infinitives:

3. Печінка може накопичувати вітамін В12.

4. Вітамін В12 може накопичуватися у печінці.

5. Нам слід включати вітамінні добавки до нашого раціону.

6. Вітамінні добавки мають включатися до нашого раціону.

7. Не слід вживати жиророзчинні вітаміни щоденно.

8. Більшість вітамінів не можуть вироблятися організмом.

9. 3 яких джерел можна отримати вітаміни групи В?

10. За яких умов тіло може виробляти вітамін D?

Minerals. Nutritinal Sujilements. Exercise 1. Learn the new words:

along with — поряд з

supplement - доповнення; додаток

range of— ряд, сфера, зона, межі

available — доступний, що є в наявності

significant - значний, істотний

lozenge - таблетка для смоктання, льодяник

responsible - відповідальний

metabolize - метаболізувати, засвоювати

sublingual - підязичний

mirror - відображати, віддзеркалювати

deliver - доставляти

counterpart - подоба; дублікат

transmit - передавати

specify - точно визначати

strengthen- зміцнювати (встановлювати)

supply - постачати

otherwise - інакше

source- джерело»

substitution - заміна

Exercise 2. Translate the word combinations into your language:

Broad range of functions, play a significant role, deliver oxygen, muscle contraction, transmit messages, strengthen each other, work properly, absorb phosphorus and calcium, outside sources, synthetic vitamins, nutritional supplements, intestinal bacteria, isolated vitamins, counterpart, take after meals, substitution for a healthy diet, otherwise, gel-capsule form, powder form, lozenge form.

Exercise 3. Change the sentences as in the model (using Passive Voice instead of Active Voice):

Model: Enzymes need copper for metabolizing. — Copper is needed by enzymes for metabolizing.

- Iron delivers oxygen to the body's cells.

- Vitamins and minerals strengthen each other.

- The skin creates vitamin D when it is exposed to sunlight.

- The body absorbs iron through the help of vitamin C.

- Polish scientist Casimir Funk made up a combination word "vitamine" from vital and amine.

- Medical men used lipid from fish oil to cure rickets during the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

- In 1881. Russian surgeon Nikolai Lunin studied the effects of scurvy.

- Japanese scientist Umetaro Suzuki isolated the first vitamin complex in 1910. Exercise 4. Read the text:

Along with vitamins human body needs a certain amount of minerals, which also have a broad range of functions. There are 20 minerals, which play significant roles in the body. They include copper, iodine, chromium, iron, tin. zinc, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chlorine, phosphorus, calcium, sulfur and others. Zinc is responsible for helping metabolize proteins and keeping enzymes functioning. Copper is needed by enzymes for metabolizing. Iodine assists the thyroid gland in working properly. Calcium and phosphorus build bones and teeth. Iron delivers oxygen to the body's cells. Potassium helps muscle contraction, maintains the fluid balance of cells, helps transmit messages through the body's nerves, and keeps the kidneys and heart working correctly.

Vitamins and minerals not only help the body function, but they work to strengthen each other. The body absorbs iron through the help of vitamin C. Vitamin D helps the body absorb

phosphorus and calcium. Vitamins D and К are the only vitamins the body can supply for itself. The skin creates vitamin D when it is exposed to sunlight. Vitamin К is produced by intestinal bacteria. Outside sources must supply the body with all other vitamins.

Ideally, all of us would get all of the nutrients we need for optimal health from fresh, healthful foods. In reality, however, this is often difficult, if not impossible. So, our diet does not always contain all essential vitamins and minerals that is why we have to take synthetic vitamins and nutritional supplements for optimal health.

Vitamin supplements are usually available as isolated vitamins or in combination with other nutrients. They are available in tablet, capsule, gel-capsule, powder, sublingual, lozenge, and liquid forms. Some vitamins can also be administered by injection.

Synthetic vitamins are vitamins produced in laboratories from isolated chemicals that mirror their counterparts found in nature.

It is good to know that all vitamin supplements work best when taken in combination with food and unless specified otherwise, fat-soluble vitamins should be taken before meals, and water-soluble ones should be taken after meals. What is most important, vitamins should not be used as substitutions for a healthy diet, but rather as supplementation. Exercise 5. Answer the questions:

- What does human body need along with vitamins'?

- Which minerals play a significant role in human beings?

- What is zinc responsible for?.

- What is copper needed for?

- What does iron do in the body?

- How do vitamins and minerals strengthen and help each other?

- Which vitamins can body supply for itself?

- What is the ideal source of vitamins and minerals

- Why do people have to ingest synthetic vitamin supplements⁰

- In which case do vitamin supplements work best'.'

Exercise 6. Find English equivalents of the following word combinations in the text:

Зовнішні джерела, у формі гелєвих капсул, доставляти кисень до клітин тіла, бути заміною здорової дієти, підсилювати один одного, приймати після і'жі, у формі льодяників, відігравати значну роль, допомога скороченню м'язів, мати широкий ряд функцій, поглинати фосфор та кальцій, працювати відповідним чином, у формі порошку, якшо не вказано інакше, відзеркалювати свої дублікати у природі, вживати синтетичні вітаміни, вироблятися кишковими бактеріями, ізольовані вітаміни, харчові добавки. Exercise 7. Disagree the following statements:

Model: The skin creates vitamin D when it is exposed to atmospheric oxygen. - The skin doesn 't 't create vitamin D when exposed to atmospheric oxygen. It creates vitamin D when it is exposed to sunlight.

\) Zinc is responsible for building bones and teeth.

1 Vitamin supplements work best when ingested separately from anything.

2 The body absorbs iron through the help of vitamin E.

3 Natural vitamins are vitamins produced in laboratories.

4 Vitamin К is produced by pancreas.

5 Vitamin D helps the body absorb carbon dioxide.

6 Potassium is needed by enzymes for metabolizing.

7 We have to take antibiotics and barbiturates for optimal health. Exercise8. Put questions to the underlined words:

3. Vitamin supplements are usually available as isolated vitamins or in combination with other nutrients,.

4. The skin creates vitamin D when it is exposed to sunlight.

5. Vitamin К is produced by intestinal bacteria.

6. Along with vitamins human body needs a certain amount of minerals.

- Iodine assists the thyroid gland in working properly.

- The body absorbs iron through the help of vitamin C.

Exercise 9. Open the brackets and translate the sentences into your language:

1 Vitamins (to contribute) to good health by regulating the metabolism and assisting the biochemical processes of the body.

2 Water-soluble vitamins (to excrete) out of the body within one day.

3 Vitamin D (to help) the body absorb calcium.

4 Vitamin E (to know) as tocopherol.

5 Scientific research (to prove) that excesses of isolated vitamins or minerals can produce vitamin poisoning.

6 Vitamin supplements (to divide) into two groups: synthetic and natural.

7 The term "vitamin" (to derive) from "vitamine" by Polish scientist Casimir Funk.

8 In 1812 Polish biochemist Casimir Funk (to isolate) a complex of micronutrients and named them "vitamines".

Дата добавления: 2015-10-30