Definition of employment and labour.

When we speak about employment we usually mean paid work done by a person or a group of people. Labor, in its turn, refers to the routine work that people do in their jobs. Manual labor usually refers to physical work that requires little formal education or training, such as shoveling dirt or moving furniture.Managers include those who supervise other workers. Examples of skilled professionals include doctors, lawyers, and dentists.

8.2 Types of employment: full-time, part-time work, flexi time arrangements, telecommuting (working from home), self-employment, ect.

Types of employment:

· full employment

· part-time employment, that is performing their professional duties only a part of the regular working time.

· job sharing (this is the practice of dividing a full time job between two people so that each works for half the time)

· informal employment (jobs are irregular, and workers are often self-employed without earning pensions and without paying taxes. Informal employment also includes illegal activities such as theft, prostitution, and selling drugs.)

· telecommuting (They work away from the employer’s office, often at home, but maintain close contact with coworkers and managers through electronic mail and telephone. In some situations telecommuting can increase an employee’s productivity; it also decreases time spent driving to and from the office and decreases pollution from automobiles. But some managers feel uncomfortable with the lack of direct supervision they have over their telecommuting employees, and some employees may dislike telecommuting because of isolation from coworkers.)

Compensation for work.

Compensation package is used to talk about all the pay and benefits that employees receive.

Compensation is also used to talk about money and other benefits that a senior manager (or any employee) receives if they are forced to leave the organization, for example due to illness or maternity leave.

Problems at work (discrimination).

There are some health and safety issues for people at work. For example, passive smoking, repetitive strain injury, dangerous machinery, hazardous substances and fire hazards. All these things contribute to a bad working environment.

· Sexual harassment is when an employee behaves sexually towards another in a way that they find unwelcome and unacceptable.

· If a woman is unfairly treated just because she is a woman, she is a victim of sex discrimination, or sexism. In many organizations, women complain about the glass ceiling that allows them to get to a particular level but no further.

· If someone is treated unfairly because of their race, they are a victim of racial discrimination or racism. Offensive remarks about someone’s race are racist and the person making them is a racist.

Looking for a job, recruitment.

Recruitment

The process of finding people for particular jobs is recruitment or hiring. Someone who has been recruited is a recruit or a hire.

A company may recruit employees directly or use outside recruiters, recruitment agencies or employment agencies. Outside specialists called headhunters.

There are different kinds of interviews:

1) traditional one-to-one / individual interviews;

2) panel interviews where one or more candidates are interviewed by a panel of interviewers;

3) «deep end» interviews where applicants have to demonstrate how they cope in actual business situations.

3 stages of the interview:

1) the warm-up (the warm-up is the most important. Psychologists say that 50% of the interviewer’s decision is made within the first 30 to 60 seconds)

2) the question-and-answer session (Questions and answers consume thegreatest part of the interview. During this phase the interviewer asks you to restate your qualifications and expand on the points in the CV.)

3) the close ( This is the last phase of the interview but not less important than the first two.)

Salary - money paid monthly directly into a bank account, normally to professional people and office workers.

Wages - money paid weekly and usually in cash, normally to manual workers.

Earnings - the total of the sums earned by an employee during a regular pay period.

Income - money we receive from work, investments, etc. It can be earned income (wages or salary) or unearned income (money from dividends, interest, royalties, etc.).

Revenue - income, generally the total income earned by the state or a large corporation: it’s not used for people and it is also the money a government receives through taxation.

Fringe benefits – extras such as a car or free accommodation received by right in addition to one’s salary.

Fee – a payment to a lawyer, doctor, etc. for professional services.

Bonus – something given, paid, or received above what is due or expected.

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