Exercise 16. Choose suitable forms to complete the passage below. Note that punctuation is sometimes important in choosing an answer.

In the twenty-first century, we shall see a great increase in the use of alternative energy sources, ¹ especially / such as wind and water power. Several states in the USA already use wind power, ² for example/namely California, where huge “wind farms’ have been constructed ³ i.e. / e.g. power stations consisting of many windmills linked together in series). Water power, too, is already an important source of electricity in countries with plentiful rivers and lakes ⁴ such as/for example Norway.

Solar energy is another energy source which will be widely used in areas with plenty of sunshine ⁵ such as/i.e. Egypt and the countries of North Africa. Solar energy may even make a contribution in regions with cool climates, ⁶ namely/including the countries of northern Europe. France has one particularly important solar energy research facility, ⁷ especially/namely the solar generator at Font Romeu, in the Pyrenees.

By contrast, the use of nuclear power may diminish. Problems with nuclear safety, ⁸ especially/such as the accident at Chernobyl, have made governments less willing to invest in nuclear power stations. However, scientists are working to produce energy safely from nuclear ‘fusion’, ⁹ i.e./including a technique in which atoms are joined together. This could replace the present basis of nuclear power, ¹⁰ namely/especially nuclear ‘fission’, in which atoms are split apart.

Exercise 17. Join the ideas using exemplifying, clarifying, listing and summing up linkers. Translate into Russian.

1. Most of us can take simple precautions to minimize the risk. We avoid walking in parks or deserted city areas after dark.

2. The new test has some similarities to a conventional IQ test, but also some significant differences. It does not have a test of vocabulary.

3. For the past century or so, geologists have worked on the basis that the present is the key to the past. They use processes familiar today to explain how ancient rocks formed.

4. The onus is on the shopkeeper to provide goods which live up to the quality of their description. They must not be bad or off.

5. A film is made at twenty-four frames a second. The camera takes twenty-four photographs each second.

6. A portrait painter or a landscape artist fakes: he rearranges nature to a better angle for his purpose.

7. Then I didn't hear a thing from them until yesterday. It was the last day of February.

8. Some teachers may be more effective than others because they explain better. They employ qualitatively different kinds of verbal interaction with students.

9. The advertisement was taken as it was intended. It was taken as straight-talking and fair.

10. Many ponies are kept at grass livery. They live outside all year round.

11. He held the receiver to his ear long enough to establish what he already knew. The line was cut.

12. There were always two certainties about 1993. Devaluation and interest rate cuts would bring an economic upturn. It would bring the Government some political relief.

13. He was disappointed in the lack of action after his speech. "I wanted the government to acknowledge what I had said, and they didn't. I expected the local authority to try to do something about it."

14. A tight authoritarian system isn't going to work. If they try to adopt it, there's nobody to support them.

15. No, sir, that wouldn't work, and you know it. Your interests and Miss Radcliffe's may not totally coincide. In the course of my investigation I may uncover information detrimental to her reputation.

16. Aim at a short walk, say for 20 minutes on flat ground. Begin to increase your speed and distance. You should be able to take a brisk walk at least three times a week.

17. "What should I write down?" — "The precise name of the wine."

18. You've been listening to too much propaganda, young man. So now you are going to hear the truth. Our civilization is older than yours.

19. We thank the Mental Health Foundation, British Heart Foundatition, and the Chest, Heart and Stroke Association for supporting our research. We thank the patients themselves without whose enthusiasm and personal experience this book would not have been written.

20. Ten years now she'd been alone, but she'd spent them usefully. She enjoyed her life and had some good friends in the village. She'd been very lucky.

21. I want to believe you are wholly innocent of those boys' deaths. I want to believe you never played about with drugs or silly games. I want to believe you are a victim.

22. They were astonished at men marching up with such courage to certain death. They were astonished at men marching up with such madness to certain death.

23. You should think of your customers as partners. You should think of your customers as family.

24. Maria was standing in the doorway of the apartment. She was leaning against one side of it.

25. Mums and Dads do help their children. As far as I can see, I help mine. I think I used to.

“REALITY” MARKERS

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