Ex. 1.4 Decide if each statement below is true or false according to the reading. If the statement is false, tell why

Содержание

Введение…………………………………………………………………………..4

1 lesson 1 Microbiology………………………………………………….………..5

2 lesson 2 Viruses………………………………………………………………...13

3 lesson 3 Bacteria………………………………………………………………..19

4 lesson 4 Microbiology in Industry……………………………………………...25

5 Microbiological Reader...……………………………………………………...34

6 Check yourself....................................................................................................56

Список использованных источников ………………………………………….60

Введение

Данное учебно-методическое пособие предназначено для студентов второго курса специальности “Микробиология”. Целями пособия являются расширение лексического запаса студентов, развитие навыков и умений чтения и перевода литературы по специальности. Пособие включает 4 раздела, каждый из которых состоит из основного текста, предтекстовых и послетекстовых заданий, способствующих развитию навыков говорения по данной специальности. Также в пособие входят подборка текстов для дополнительного чтения и контрольный срез по изученному материалу. Пособие предназначено для использования на практических занятиях и для самостоятельной работы.

Lesson 1 Microbiology

Ex. 1.1 Words and word-combinations to the text

microbiology – микробиология

microorganism – микроорганизм

bacterium – бактерия (pl bacteria)

virus – вирус (pl viruses)

alga – морская водоросль (pl algae)

fungus – гриб (pl fungi)

protozoa – протозоа, простейшие одноклеточные животные организмы

common cold – простуда

to baffle – ставить в тупик, тщетно бороться

immunodeficiency – иммунодефицит

innumerable – бесчисленный

research – исследование

to carry out – проводить

to insolate – выделять

gene – ген

genetics – генетика

responsible – ответственный

ailment – нездоровье

cure – лекарство

acquired – приобретенный

taxonomy – таксономия

occurrence – распространение

variation – изменение, разновидность

heredity – наследственность

to exploit – использовать

benefit – польза

harmful – вредный

to affect – влиять

growth – рост

specialization – специализация

to deal with – рассматривать, изучать

cause – причина

distribution – распределение

disease – болезнь

pathogenic – патогенный

prokaryotes – прокариоты

viral – вирусный

Ex. 1.2 Translate the following word-combinations

microbial universe –

ever-so-tiny organisms –

contentious issue –

human cloning –

pure microbiology –

applied microbiology –

medical science / medicine –

the branch of medicine –

metabolic pathways –

food, dairy, petroleum and brewing industries –

Ex. 1.3 Read and translate the text

Microbiology

Microbiology is the study of all aspects of microorganisms, which include bacteria, viruses, algae, fungi and protozoa. Microbiology can simply be termed as the scientific in-depth study of the microbial universe. These ever-so-tiny living organisms (though many debate whether they are a part of the living world at all) are an integral part of our lives, without us knowing much about them. Right from the common cold (which has baffled scientists till date) to complex viruses like human immunodeficiency virus or HIV.

Microbiology is vast field, replete with opportunities, though it had a head start in the early 17^th century with Antony van Leeuwenhoek, referred as the father of microbiology. Across the globe, innumerable researches are being carried out at this very moment in different disciplines of microbiology. From isolating genes responsible for various ailments, to finding a cure for AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) or even the contentious issue of human cloning. Microbiology is one of today’s most exciting and rapidly developing sciences. It includes major components of genetics and molecular biology, is in touch with the environment, and many aspects are important in medical science, food and biotechnology.

The study of microbiology is channeled in two major directions. Pure microbiology studies a particular group of microorganisms in order to learn about their morphology, physiology, taxonomy, occurrence, variation, heredity and evolution; it wants to understand the nature of microbes. Applied microbiology, on the other hand, is motivated by the desire: 1) to exploit the effects of microorganisms than are of benefit to man and 2) to control the activities of those that are harmful.

Like medicine, microbiology isn’t a single subject, but rather an umbrella, which offers a range of specializations. There are a lot of specialized fields that one can follow in Microbiology, for example:

Immunobiology: The study of the immune factors that affect the growth, development, and health of biological organisms.

Epidemiology: The branch of medicine that deals with the study of the causes, distribution, and control of disease in populations.

Environmental Microbiology: The study of the composition and physiology of microbial communities in the environment.

General Mycology: The study on the fungi; their morphology, taxonomy, life cycles, and identification of representative organisms.

Microbial Metabolism: The comparative study of metabolic pathways of the prokaryotes with emphasis on anabolic metabolism, nutrient assimilation, and energy generation.

Pathogenic Bacteriology: The study of various disease-causing bacteria, including group characteristics, pathogenic mechanisms, and public health significance.

Microbial Genetics: Consideration of the physical, chemical, and functional nature of genetic processes in microorganisms.

Virology: The study of viruses and viral diseases.

Microbiology graduates are in great demand and are employed in many different industries: public health and hospital laboratories, with pharmaceutical companies, water and river authorities, in the food industry, and in the dairy, petroleum and brewing industries. In addition, some graduates remain in education or research institutes to continue their research studies leading to higher degrees.

Ex. 1.4 Decide if each statement below is true or false according to the reading. If the statement is false, tell why

1. The class of microorganisms includes bacteria, viruses, algae, fungi and protozoa.

2. All scientists consider microorganisms to be a part of the living world.

3. There are many opportunities for research in the field of microbiology.

4. Microbiological science includes pure and applied microbiology.

5. Like medicine, microbiology isn’t a single subject.

6. A study of the fungi is called virology.

7. Microbial genetics deals with the genetic processes in microorganisms.

8. Viral diseases is one of the aspects of microbial metabolism.

9. Microbiologists can work in many industries.

10. Microbiology graduates can continue their studies in post-graduate course.

Ex. 1.5 Read and translate the text. Answer the question: “How are microorganisms classified?”

Microorganisms were once regarded as being members of the plant kingdom, apart from protozoa which were classed as animals. It became obvious that this arbitrary classification resulted in confusion, even absurdities. A virus infecting an animal cannot, by any criterion, be termed a plant. There became almost as many systems of classification as there were microbiologists.

In order to clarify the nature of microorganisms, we may distinguish between those, like fungi and some algae, which have a cell structure similar to higher organisms and those, like the bacteria and the blue-green algae, which have a comparatively simple structure.

We will refer to the former as “higher protists” and to the latter as “lower protists”. Both these groups are placed in the kingdom Protista.

The viruses and the recently described subviral agents cannot at present be adequately classified, so we shall place them in a group of their own.

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