Focus on language. Read the sentence from the text and decide what parts of speech the words in bold are.

Read the sentence from the text and decide what parts of speech the words in bold are.

§ The first entirely synthetic plastic, Bakelite, was invented by American chemist Leo Baekeland in 1909.

Noun Suffixes

-ity	means condition or quality of sth; e.g. capability
-sion, -tion	means act of sth; state of sth; e.g. position
-er, -or	means one who; that/which; e.g. programmer
-ist	means one who; that/which; e.g. biologist
-ance, -ence	means act of sth; state of sth; quality of sth; e.g. assistance
-ness	means state of sth; e.g. toughness
-ment	means act of sth; state of sth; result of sth; e.g. placement
-dom	means: - state or condition; domain, position, rank; a group with position, rank; e.g. wisdom

Adjective Suffixes

-ic	means characteristic of sth; like sth e.g. heroic
-al	means relating to sth; e.g. manual
-able	means able; or giving; e.g. portable
-ous	means full of; having. e.g. gaseous
-ful	means full of; having. e.g. careful
-less	means without; e.g. useless
-en	means made of; e.g. wooden

Adverb Suffixes

-ly	at the end of a word almost always makes an adverb; occasionally it will make an adjective. e.g. quickly

Verb Suffixes

-en	means to make; e.g. soften
-ize	means to make; e.g. categorize
-ate	means to have or be characterized by; e.g. activate
-ify or -fy	means to cause to become or to make; e.g. simplify

Practice

1. Look back in the text and find the words with the suffixes given above. What part of speech are these words?

2. Using the suffixes from the box make different parts of speech with the words below. Make up the sentences of your own with the derived words.

wide	act	develop	design	create
theory	compute	identify	sharp	mystery

Speaking

Every discovery or invention has its downside. Work in teams. Choose one of the discoveries or inventions and write down two or more negative effects you can think of. Back up your opinion with real life examples. Share your ideas with the class.

Example: “I believe that invention of TV was one of the most important breakthroughs of the last century. However, I often find myself just glued to TV, not wanting to do anything else but watching my favorite reality shows or comedies. It’s such a waste of time … I wish I would spend more time reading books or going out with my friends, or …”

Writing

‘For’ and ‘Against’

1. Work in pairs. Think of the arguments in favor of or against the statement:

“Scientific and technological achievements have made the world a better place to live.”

2. Make brief notes under ‘for’ and ‘against’ headings.

Example:

For	Against
…has made our life more comfortable	…is used to kill people
…improves communication, etc…	…spoils nature, etc…

3. Write a composition of 200-250 words discussing the statement above. Make use of the Managing your learning and the Toolboxes.

Managing your learning: Outline Introduction Paragraph 1 - Introduce the subject of the composition. State why it is an important issue at the present time. Main body Paragraph 2 - Give the argument in favor of the statement. Paragraph 3 - Give the argument against the statement Conclusion Paragraph 4 - Conclude by giving a well-balanced opinion.

Tool box
It is often said that…	Firstly / Another point is that…
However, in my opinion, …	Also/ besides/ what is more, …
While it is true that…, on the other hand, …	As a result…
At the same time…	Finally, it is important to remember that…
For example, for instance, …	To sum up / All in all, …

Listening

Recording 4.2

1. You are going to listen to the radio programme about the Nobel Prize discoveries. Work in groups. Make a list of the facts you know about the Nobel Prize. Discuss as a class.

2. Check you know these words and phrases. Which field(s) of science

do they refer to?

· worm	· universe	· messenger	· RNA	· creature
· cell	· DNA	· molecule	· orbit	· stem
· nucleus	· explosion	· interference	· gene	· Big Bang

3. Listen to the introductory part of the programme and answer the questions.

a) When and where are the Nobel Prizes awarded? Why?

b) What areas of science are they given in?

c) How was the Prize established?

d) How much is it?

e) What does it include?

f) What are the requirements to the Nobel Prize nominees?

g) How are scientists nominated for the Prize?

h) How many inventions did Alfred Nobel hold legal rights to?

i) What is his most famous invention?

4. Listen to the rest of the programme and complete the chart.

area of science
winners
country
period of time
research
significance

5. Write down the phrases and words with the noun prize as you hear them.

Prize

6. Sum up the information about the prize-winning research you listened about. Use the phrases in the Tool box.

Tool box

to develop treatment for	to produce evidence	to recognize work
to cure diseases	to carry out research	to receive waves
to measure temperature	to be honoured for	to confirm an idea
to perform experiments with	to show pictures of	to give support
to perform experiments with	to control genes	to open up an area
to launch a satellite		to solve a mystery

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