Читайте также:
|
1. Here are some answers. What are the questions?
Example: Q ___ When and where was Luigi Galvani doing his investigations?
A In 1791 at the University of Bologna.
a) Q __________________________________________________________?
A puff of wind.
b) Q _________________________________________________________?
To nerve impulses.
c) Q __________________________________________________________?
Principle of vaccination.
d) Q ___________________________________________________________?
With electrical discharges.
e) Q ___________________________________________________________?
Barium compound.
f) Q ___________________________________________________________?
The bones of his own hand.
g) Q __________________________________________________________?
In 1901.
h) Q ___________________________________________________________?
Bacteriologist.
i) Q ___________________________________________________________?
The first penicillin.
2. Sum up in your own words how the following discoveries were made.
| a) bioelectricity | c) X-rays |
| b) vaccination | d) penicillin |
What do you think?
Ø Do you think these discoveries were absolutely unexpected? Why?/Why not?
Ø Why are scientists often portrayed as mad or eccentric experimenters?
Ø Comment on the saying “The fortune likes those that are prepared”.
Focus on language
Read the sentences. What grammar tenses are used?
§ We were tired because we had been experimenting all day long.
§ After I had worked in the lab for a few weeks, I felt I knew the equipment
pretty well.
§ They were making observations of the night sky for several years hoping todiscover the planet they had calculated.
§ First students had a short talk with a lab instructor about safety in the lab and then they were allowed to work with some chemicals.
§ The lecture finished before we got there.
§ The lecture had already finished before we got there.
Past Simple, Past Progressive, Past Perfect and Past Perfect Progressive
|
Practice
1. List time expressions under the correct tense heading. Some expressions can be used more than once.
| · for | · before | · by the time | · first, |
| · since | · after | · yesterday | · until |
| · when | · while | · as soon as | · during |
| · already | · ago | · at this time last year |
Past Past Past Past
Simple Progressive Perfect Perfect Progressive
_______ ________ _______ ________
_______ ________ _______ ________
_______ ________ _______ ________
2. Complete the sentences with the correct Past tenses.
a) Class (begin, already) __________ by the time I (get) __________ there,
so I (take, quietly) __________ a seat in the back.
b) My group mate (discuss) ___________ something with professor when I (walk) __________ into the room.
c) It was midnight. I (study) ___________ for five straight hours. No wonder I
(get tired).
d) Millions of years ago, dinosaurs (roam) __________ the earth, but they
(become) __________ extinct by the time humankind first (appear) __________.
e) I (call) Kate at nine last night, but she (be, not) __________ at home. She (study) ____________ at the library.
f) Kevin suddenly realized that the teacher (ask) him a question. He couldn’t
answer because he (daydream) ____________ for the last ten minutes.
g) I (see, never) ___________ any of Picasso’s paintings before I (visit) ___________ the art museum.
h) The anthropologists (leave) ____________ the village when they (collect) ___________ enough data.
i) While Roger (write) ___________ an essay his roommate (clean) ___________ the room, so Roger (cannot) ___________ concentrate and (get) ____________ angry.
j) As I (pass) ____________ the hardest exam and (get) ___________ an excellent mark I (feel) ____________ a know-it-all.
What do you think?
Ø How many joint discoveries or inventions can you name?
Ø Who made them? Did they find any application?
Ø Which would you prefer: working in collaboration with other scientists and making a joint discovery or competing with others and working on your own? Why? Give reasons.
| It is interesting to know A discovery or invention made by two or more scientists is called a jointor shared discovery and a co-invention respectively. |
| It is interesting to know A discovery or invention made by two scientists without any cooperation is called an independent discovery or invention. |
| Get real |
Search the Internet or look in popular science magazines and books for the information about an accidental or joint discovery or invention made before the 20th century. Report your findings to the class. Follow the outline below:
§ discovery or invention
§ discoverer(s) or inventor(s)
§ circumstances
| Speaking |
Work in teams. Hold a “balloon debate”. Each team chooses the name of the inventor or discoverer they have learnt about. Explain why his/her invention or discovery is so important that the inventor or discoverer should be the last one left in the falling balloon, while the others jump out to save him/her.
| Tool box: Agreeing and disagreeing | |
| Opinions | I think (that)… In my opinion… As for me… |
| Agreeing | Absolutely; Right / That right; I agree/ You’re right |
| Disagreeing | I know, but… I take/see your point, but… I’m not sure… That’s not true… |
| Writing |
A competition was announced at your department to write a short article for the university newspaper on the subject: “Great Events in Science.” Your task is to focus on inventions and discoveries made before the 20th century. Choose to write about a scientist who you think made the most significant contribution to the development of your field of science or science in general.
Write an article of about 150 words. Make use of the texts about Lomonosov, Pascal and Edison as a model. Follow the guidelines:
§ give the article a title
§ introduce the subject
§ give some factual information
§ give your opinion and some supporting information
| In the Realm of Science |
1. Words like volt and watt have become part of our language, e.g. a volt is the unit of electrical potential, or difference in electrical pressure, expressing the difference between two electrical charges.
A watt is a unit of electrical power. However, we sometimes forget that these are the names of famous scientists. A volt is named after Alessandro Volta (1745-1827), the Italian physicist. A watt is named after James Watt (1736-1819), the English inventor of a steam engine.
Do you know what these terms mean and who they are named after?
| ampere ['æmpɛə] | kelvin ['kelvin] | Fahrenheit ['fær(ə)nhait] |
| bel [bel] | curie ['kju(ə)ri] | pascal [pæ'skæl] |
| coulomb ['ku:lɔm] | Celsius ['selsiəs] | hertz [hə:ts] |
| roentgen ['rʌntjən; 'rʌntgən] | farad ['færəd] | ohm [əum] |
| weber ['webər; 'veibər] | newton ['nju:t(ə)n] |
2. Remember how to say the names of some well-known scientists:
| Babbage ['bæbiʤ] | Avogadro [,ævə'ga:drəu] | Isaac Newton ['aizək 'nju:t(ə)n] |
| Curie ['kju(ə)ri] | Descartes [dei'ka:t] | Pythagoras [pə'θægərəs; pai-] |
| Bohr [bɔ:r] | Aristotle ['æri,stɔt(ə)l] | Hippocrates [hi'pa:krə,ti:z] |
| Plato ['pleitəu] | Archimedes [,a:kə'mi:diz] | Aristarchus [,æri'sta:rkəs] |
| Euclid ['ju:klid] | Einstein ['ainstain] | Roentgen ['rʌntjən; 'rʌntgən] |
3. Arithmetic operation is a mathematical expression involving numbers.
| Division | (:) | 21: 3=7 | twenty one divided by three is/equals seven |
| Multiplication or times | (×) | 4×3=12 | - the multiplication of four by three gives twelve - four times three equals twelve |
| Subtraction or minus | (–) | 4–3=1 | - the subtraction of three from four leaves one - four minus three equals one |
| Summation,addition/plus | (+) | 4+3=7 | - the summation of four and three gives even - four plus three equals seven |
| Equality | (=) | 25:5=5 | twenty five divided by five is/equals five |
4. Read and remember some mathematical symbols.
| is not equal to | 
| ray AB |
| < | is less than | AB | the length of 
|
| > | is greater than | 
| triangle |
| is less than or equal to | 
| is approximately equal to |
| is greater than or equal to | 
| is similar to |
| () | Parentheses (grouping symbol) | 
| is parallel to |
| [ ] | Brackets (grouping symbol) | 
| infinity |
| { } | Braces (grouping symbol) | 
| pi, 3.14159 |
| | | | Absolute Value Bars | 
| is congruent to |
| is an element of | 
| therefore |
| is not an element of | 
| square root |
 or 
| is a subset of | 
| right angle |
 or 
| is not a subset | ! | factorial |
| the set of | 
| the sum of |
| the intersection of | e | numeric constant 2.71828 |
| angle | 
| perpendicular |
| line AB | 
| degree(s) |
|
| segment AB |
Unit 1 Progress Monitoring
In this unit you have worked on the following vocabulary related to the topic:
“Evolution of Natural Sciences”
Tick (V) the points you are confident about and cross (X) the ones you need to revise. |
Unit 2 Scientific Revolution It is interesting
to know
On July 20, 1969, the astronauts of Apollo 11 made the first landing on the Moon. Commander Neil Armstrong was the first person to walk on the Moon. As he took his first step out of the lunar module, he radioed these words to the earth: “That’s one small step for a man; one giant leap for the mankind”
| Lead In |
1) The most revolutionary and important
discoveries in science are often called
breakthroughs.
2) Work with a partner. Make a list of
breakthroughs and inventions made in the
20th century.
3) Discuss your lists as a class and agree on five
breakthroughs and inventions that you
think have changed the world we live in.
| Reading |
1. The words in A are in the text you are going to read. Match a word in A with a definition in B. Use a dictionary if necessary.
| A | B |
| 1) unprecedented | a) in a way that has a very great effect on sb/sth: |
| 2) insight | b) very great or extremely good |
| 3) profoundly | c) possible effect or result of an action or a decision |
| 4) to redefine | d) that has never happened, been done or been known before |
| 5) susceptibility | e) qualities that exist and can be developed |
| 6) sophisticated | f) the ability to see and understand the truth about people or situations |
| 7) implication | g) to consider sth in a new way |
| 8) tremendous | h) the state of being very likely to be influenced, harmed or affected by sth |
| 9) potential | i) clever and complicated in the way that it works or is presented |
2. Read the text about the breakthroughs of the 20th century. Find out what changes they have brought about. Complete the chart.
| Breakthrough | Implication |
Breakthroughs of the 20th century
An unprecedented explosion of creativity, insight, and breakthrough occurred in every field of science in the last century. It started without airplanes, television, computers and ended with spacecraft on Mars and a walk on the Moon along the way, the structure of DNA and a model of the atom, advances in particle physics and cosmology as well as wireless Internet. These discoveries profoundly changed the way we understand the world and our place in it.
However, choosing the most important breakthroughs and inventions of the last 100 years is like choosing the most beautiful flower in a garden of roses. Picking the most important of anything is quite tricky. When one invention leads to the next, which is more important, the chicken or the egg? Some breakthroughs, like Einstein’s theory of relativity, redefined our understanding of the universe, while others had more impact on everyday life.
Since the 1940s, computers have provided a way to solve complex problems and penetrated nearly every aspect of our lives. The rise in the 1990s of the Internet, the World Wilde Web and e-mail are changing the way we gather information, communicate and shop. Programmable electronic devices of all sorts have come to spread to modern society to such a degree that future generations may well characterize the 20th century as the Computer Age.
Francis Crick and James Watson won a Nobel Prize after solving mystery of the human genetic coding called DNA in 1953. They discovered how the genes for recreating life were arranged in a double helix (spiral). Existing in every cell, DNA controls what we look like and our susceptibility and resistance to disease and tells our cells how to act to keep our bodies functioning.
The first entirely synthetic plastic, Bakelite, was invented – by accident, as it happened – by American chemist Leo Baekeland in 1909. Early uses included radios, light sockets, jewelry, telephones, washing machines, fishing reels and guns. Later synthetics, like cellophane, nylon and Teflon, brought revolution of their own.
From the launching of the first satellite in 1957 – Sputnik – to man’s walk on the moon 12 years later to today’s sophisticated telescopes, shuttles and trips to Mars, space exploration has opened a new frontier. Lessons learned in space also have had implications for some very earthbound problems.
Technology that allowed images to be transmitted over wires was being developed in the 1920s. In 1932 the heart of the TV, the electron scanning tube was patented under the name of an iconoscope. Since that time TV has transformed how much and how quickly we see the world, and – more than radio or motion pictures – how we spend our leisure time.
Albert Einstein’s general theory of relativity was another great 20th century breakthrough. It provides deep insights into the nature of gravity as well as the world’s understanding of itself. For the first time, his work proved that space can be curved and that time could differ from point to point. His theory also led to the conclusion that all the galaxies, and the whole Universe had originated in a Big Bang, thousands of millions of years in the past. And so the modern science of cosmology was born. By describing how light moves, Einstein created principles that led us to lasers and transistors. And his suggestions, via his special theory of relativity, that a little mass of matter could create tremendous energy led to the atomic bomb and the nuclear age. It is often claimed that no breakthrough has shown more negative and positive potential.
American astronomer Edwin Hubble showed that the universe is expanding. Hubble made his great discoveries on the best telescope in the world at that time - the 100-inch telescope on Mount Wilson in southern California. Today his name carried by the best telescope we have, not on Earth, but a satellite observatory orbiting our planet. The Hubble Space Telescope is continuing the work begun by Hubble himself to map our Universe, and producing the most remarkable images of distant galaxies ever seen.
Three American physicists received the 1956 Physics Nobel Prize for their joint invention of a transistor. Transistors played a key role in the advancement of electronics. Today’s computer microchips are essentially tens or even hundreds of millions of transistors and derivative devices on a single wafer* of silicon. Without transistors, we wouldn’t have personal computers, cell phones, fax machines, modems or most other modern electronic devices.
(Adapted from the Internet sites)
------------------------------
a wafer of silicon - здесь: тех. кремневая плата, подложка
What do you think?
Ø Do you agree with the author’s choice of the most significant discoveries and inventions? Why?/Why not?
Ø Compare the lists of the breakthroughs you have made with that of the author’s.
Ø Do you think that scientific and technological achievements have really made the world a better place to live? Give reasons for your opinion.
Дата добавления: 2015-10-30; просмотров: 123 | Нарушение авторских прав
| <== предыдущая страница | | | следующая страница ==> |
| Comprehension check | | | Focus on language |