Negative form

I / you I we / they don't (= do not) know

he / she doesn't (= does not) know

Question form

Do I / you / we / they know?

Does he / she know?

1 We use the Present simple for:

a habits or things we do regularly.

I go for a run before breakfast.

b things that are generally or always true.

They live in a small village.

2 These are the spelling rules for he / she / it.

Verb	Rule	Example
ends in a consonant + -y (fly)	change -y to -ies	This airline fliesto Hong Kong.
ends in -s (miss) -x (fix) -ch (catch) -sh (wash)	add -es	She misseshim. Mike fixesold cars. He catchesthe train. She washesher hair every day.
do and go	add -es	He doesall the shopping.
all other verbs	add -s	My sister speaksFrench.

D How often?

Adverbs

Never sometimes often usually / generally always

a With most verbs, we put the adverb before the main verb.

We never go out at lunchtime.

b With the verb be, we put the adverb after the verb.

He's always late for class.

Other phrases

every a day/ week/ month

once

twice

X times

a We usually put these phrases at the end of the sentence.

We go swimming every week

Nadia visits her aunt twice a week

b But we can also put them at the beginning of the sentence.

Every day I go for a walk in the park.

Once a month we go out for a really nice meal.

Module 2

A Past simple

Regular Past simple forms end in -ed in the positive form.

Positive form	Negative form	Question form
I/you/he/she/it/ we / they started	I/you/he/she/it/ we / they didn't (= did not) start	Did I/ you / he / she / it/we/they start?
I/you/he/she/it/ we / they won	I/you/he/she/it/ we / they didn't (= did not) win	DidI / you I he / she I it / we / they win?

1 We use the Past simple to talk about a finished action or state in the past. It can be something that happened once or many times. We often say when it happened.

He died in 1980. (=once)

My father always took me to school when I was young. (= many times)

We lived in a very small house in those days. (= state)

2 For regular verbs, we add -ed (watched, started). But there are some exceptions.

Verb	Rule	Example
ends in -e (like)	add-d	I liked the film.
has one syllable and ends in vowel + one consonant (stop)	double the final consonant	They stopped for lunch.
ends in consonant + -y (carry)	change -y to -ied	He carried the bags all the way home.
has two syllables and ends in one vowel + -I (travel)	double the final consonant	They travelled at night.

3 The past of be is was / were.

Positive form	Negative form	Question form
I / he / she / it was late	I / he / she / it wasn't (= was not) late	Wasl/he/she/it late?
we / you / they werelate	we / you / they weren't(= were not) late	Werewe / you / they late late?

B T i m e phrases often used in the past: at, on, in, ago

1 at, on, in

We can use these time phrases in the present and future.

a at + time at 12 .1 5 at eight o'clock

two/three days at Easter at Christmas

b on + day/date on Monday on July 2 пd

c in + month in June in December

season in winter in spring

year/decade/century in 1988 in the 1990s

in the twenty-first century

d We do not use a preposition with last and yesterday.

We went there last year / yesterday

Ago

Ago means before now. We use it to show how far in the past something happened.

I first met Jackie two years ago.

We do not use ago after specific time periods with the.

Module 3

A should, shouldn't

Positive form	Negative form	Question form
I / you / he / she / we / they shouldbuy a dictionary	I/you/he/she/we/they shouldn’t (=should not)worry	ShouldI/you/he/she/we/ they come in now?

1 We use should to say that something is a good idea or the right thing to do. We use shouldn't to say that something is not a good idea or not the right thing to do.

You should buy a new alarm clock

You shouldn't leave your bag open on the bus.

2 Should is not as strong as have to.

We have to go now or we'll be late. (= it is necessary to go)

We should go now or we'll be tired tomorrow. (= this is a good idea)

3 The forms below are often used for giving advice.

Why don't you look for a flat in the centre of town?

Try putting an advertisement in the local newspaper.

B can, can't, have to, don't have to

1can, can't

Positive form	Negative form	Question form
I / you / he / she / we / they can speak English	I/you/he/she/we/ they can't(= cannot) speak English	Can I/you/he/ she / we / they speak English?

We use can and can't to talk about different kinds of possibility.

a ability

Sue can dance quite well but she can't sing

b permission

You can't come in! Can we go home now?

2 have to, don't have to

Positive form	Negative form	Question form
I / you / we / they have togo now	I / you / we / they don't have togo now	Do Iyou/we/they have togo now?
he/she/it has togo now	he/she/it doesn't have togo now	Doeshe /she /it have togo now?

a We use have to if something is necessary.

We have to be at the airport by six o'clock.

b Have to is very similar to must.

We must go now. (= it's necessary)

We have to go now. (= it's necessary)

с We use don't have to if it is not necessary to do something.

We don't have to wear a uniform at my new school.

(= it isn't necessary!)

REMEMBER! Have to and must are similar, but don't have to is not the same as mustn't. You mustn'ttake any photographs. (= you can't, it's prohibited) You don't have totake any photographs. (= it's not necessary)

Module 4

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