Exercise 12. Read the passage filling in the missing active words.

1. One of the most important functions of... lies in its ability to neutralize... and maintain an alkaline environment in the mouth for much of the time.

2.This is due to the presence of calcium and phosphate in the... secretion.

3. This reservoir of calcium and phosphate also serves to reduce to some extent the demineralization of the... during acid attack and to remineralise them when the normal pH at the... surface is restored.

4. This remineralization process is greatly facilitated by the presence of... ions.

(acid, salivary, saliva, fluoride, tooth, teeth)

Exercise 13. Explain the following terms in English:

Oral hygiene, alveolar abscess, pulpitis, normal occlusion.

ORAL HYGIENE

PART I I

Exercise 1. Practise the pronunciation of the following words:

accessible [ək'sesəbl]

massage ['mæsa:ʒ]

bristle ['brisl]

buccal ['bΛkəl]

mesial ['mi:ziəl]

rotary ['rəutəri]

occlusal [ə'klu:ʒ(ə)l]

abrasion [ə'breiʒ(ə)n]

thorough ['θΛrə]

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:

accessible доступний

to add додати

stroke дотик

rotary що обертається

bristle щетинка

lack відсутність

to scrub терти, очищати

to expel видаляти

valuable цінний

dislodge видаляти

thorough ретельний

physically handicapped з физичними вадами

properly як слід, правильно

Exercise 3. Find Ukrainian equivalents to the following word combinations:

Tooth surface, medium bristles, several strokes, buccal surface, mesial surface, distal surface, lingual surface, rotary motion, occlusal surface, scrubbing action, gingival margin, backward and forward motion, preventive measure.

Exercise 4. Read and translate the text:

Tooth brushing

Brushing after meals can only be effective if it removes plaque. The object is to clean every accessible tooth surface, thus removing food debris and plaque and massaging the gum margin.

Toothbrushes with a small head and medium bristles are probably the most effective. The brush is rinsed and toothpaste added. Several strokes are used on each section of the mouth. Buccal, lingual, mesial and distal surfaces are cleaned by a rotary motion from gum to tooth. Occlusal surfaces are cleaned by a scrubbing action. Finally the gingival margins are cleaned by a backward and forward motion which must be done gently to avoid abrasion of the necks of the teeth.

Each jaw is done in turn¹ and the mouth is then thoroughly rinsed with warm water to expel food debris dislodged by the toothbrush. Brushes should be washed afterwards and allowed to dry.

Correct and effective tooth brushing in the way described requires time, knowledge and skill. Many people lack these requirements and brushing is ineffective as a preventive measure. The whole process can be made simpler for such people by using an electric toothbrush. Teeth are cleaned rapidly and effectively as most of the movements are done automatically. It is particularly valuable for children and the physically handicapped.

Notes

¹Each jaw is done in turn... — Кожна щелепа чиститься одна за другою

PRE-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 5. Answer the following questions:

1. When can brushing be effective?

2. What is the object of toothbrushing?

3. What toothbrush is the most effective?

4. How is the brush used?

5. How are occlusal surfaces cleaned?

6. Why must the gingival margins be cleaned by a backwards and forwards motion?

7. Why should the mouth be thoroughly rinsed?

8. How can the process be made simpler?

9.Why are teeth cleaned rapidly by using an electric toothbrush?

10. What cases is brushing ineffective as preventive measure in?

Exercise 6. Find in the text English equivalents for the following words and word combinations:

доступна поверхня зуба; край ясни; нанести пасту; обертальні рухи; стирання; ретельно; дати висохти; весь процес; інваліди; правильно; видалення залишків їжі; зубні бляшки; чистити зуби; тривалість чистки; шийка зуба.

Exercise 7. Find the synonyms in the text:

To stick, covering, to delete, accurately, concentration, tenderly, movement, to need some time, invalid, quickly, especially.

Exercise 8. Insert prepositions or adverbs.

1. The teeth must be brushed systematically... the morning, and... the evening.

2. The brush should of course be kept clean, either by permanent immersion in a weak antiseptic solution or by being washed-dail... soap and water.

3. Not more than two teeth... a time should be brushed, and this should be done both horizontally and vertically (away from the gums)... the buccal and labial aspects, and forwards and sideways... the occlusal surface; and the total time, including several cleansings of the bristles, need not exceed two or three minutes.

4. It is obvious that the brushing... teeth cannot be relied upon alone to prevent caries, but it should be regarded as an adjuvant to other means... prophylaxis.

Exercise 9. Translate into Ukrainian using Active or Passive voice:

1. Every tooth (to insert) into the jaw by its root.

2. Dentine (to occupy) the interior of the crown and root and is very sensitive to pain.

3. Because the important tooth comes through at such an early date and (not to replace) a temporary tooth, it (to overlook) and (to permit) to decay.

4. The duct from the parotid gland (to pass forward) through the check to open into the buccal sulcus.

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