Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Лазарева О.П., Хвесько Т.В., Шулинин И.Н.

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Лазарева О.П., Хвесько Т.В., Шулинин И.Н.

ХРЕСТОМАТИЯ

для чтения профессионально-направленных

текстов по социологии. Английский язык.

– Тюмень:Издательство Тюменского государственного университета, 2012. 150 с.

Хрестоматия ориентирована на студентов соиологического профиля (бакалавриат, магистратура), совершенствующих свою англоязычную профессиональную компетенцию.

Целью пособия является формирование умений детализированного, поискового и просмотрового чтения на базе оригинальных научно-тематических и публицистических текстов по социологическим проблемам.

Структура учебного пособия включает тематические разделы «социология как наука», «методы социологических исследований», «работы классиков социологии». В текстах отражены концептуальные понятия и актуальные проблемы в области социологии.

Предтекстовые и послетекстовые задания построены на основе современной коммуникативно- ориентированной методики, способствуют закреплению лексики по специальности, развитию смысловой догадки восприятия текста, а также выработке навыков устной дискуссии по изученным разделам.

Хрестоматия содержит неадаптированные тексты социологической литературы западных ученых, знаменитых социологов на английском языке.

Ответственный

редактор: И.Л.Плужник, зав. кафедрой иностранных языков и МПК ИПЭУ Тюменского государственного университета, доктор пед. наук, профессор кафедры.

Рецензенты: Н.К. Фролов, зав. кафедрой общего языкознания ИГН, доктор филол. наук, профессор

О.Б.Пономарева, доктор филол. наук, профессор кафедры английского языка ИГН

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

Хрестоматия нацелена на развитие умений коммуникативного чтения у студентов социологического профиля (бакалавры, магистры), имеющих полупродвинутый уровень подготовки по английскому языку., а также студентов других гуманитарных специальностей, стремящихся совершенствовать умения читать литературу в области социологии.

Основной задачей коммуникативно-направленного чтения для социолога является извлечение профессионально-значимой информации и получение информации, которая позволит расширить профессиональную компетенцию и социокультурный кругозор.

Использование текстового материала различного типа позволяет сформировать умения таких видов чтения как изучающее (с максимальным извлечением детализированной информации), поисковое, предусматривающее целенапрвленный выбор интересующих фактов, просмотровое,предполагающее извлечение основной информации.

В соответствии с поставленной целью в хрестоматии представлены научно-тематические и публицистические тексты. Научные тексты заимствованы из учебной аутентичной литературы, Интернет-источников, публицистические тексты представлены статьями из газет и журналов, других информационных ресурсов.

Структура и содержание хрестоматии

Part 1. Reading and speaking – изучающее чтение иностранной профессионально-направленной литературы и ее обсуждение с коллегами или научным руководителем. Работе с текстом предшествуют задания, стимулирующие высказывания по обсуждаемым проблемам. Этот раздел нацелен на развитие навыков беспереводного чтения с дальнейшим выходом в устную речь, предусматривающим обсуждение информации, извлеченной при чтении.

Part 2. Reading and translation – просмотровое чтение и понимание прочитанной информации. Тексты знакомят обучаемых с жизнью знаменитых социологов, их вкладом в науку. Данная часть нацелена на обучение навыкам понимания научного текста на английском языке и его адекватного перевода на родной язык.

Part 3. Reading and summarizing – извлечение информации и ее обобщение в виде реферативного обзора проводится при поисковом виде чтения отрывков научных работ социологов, их биографии. Активизируются наиболее употребительные фразы, используемые для обобщения информации.

Part 4. Speaking – Цель раздела определение темы, цели и методов собственного исследования студента, презентация полученных результатов на научной конференции. Развитие и закрепление навыков устной речи по темам, связанным с научно-исследовательской работой студентов.

В каждом разделе имеется Part 5. Grammar. Целью данной части является повторение и закрепление грамматики английского языка, что позволяет правильно использовать грамматические нормы во всех видах речевой коммуникации, представленных в научной сфере устного и письменного общения.

CONTENTS

UNIT 1…………………………………………………………..

Part 1. Reading and speaking

Sociology as a science

Part 2. Reading and translation

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

Part 3. Reading and summarizing

G.W.F.Hegel “The Phenomenology of Mind

Part 4. Speaking

Sphere of scientific research

Part 5. Grammar

Revision of tenses

UNIT 2…………………………………………………………...

Part 1. Reading and speaking

What is a society

Part 2. Reading and translation

Immanuel Kant

Part 3. Reading and summarizing

Kant's philosophy

Part 4. Speaking

Problem of the research

Part 5. Grammar

Revision of tenses (continuation)

UNIT 3…………………………………………………………..

Part 1. Reading and speaking

Max Weber

Part 2. Reading and translation

Max Weber

Part 3. Reading and summarizing

Max Weber “The Ideal Type”

Part 4. Speaking

Historical background of research problem

Part 5. Grammar

Passive voice

UNIT 4……………………………………………………….

Part 1. Reading and speaking

New paradigm of social organization

Part 2. Reading and translation

Émile Durkheim

Part 3. Reading and summarizing

Durkheim “The Sociology of Knowledge”

Part 4. Speaking

Current research: purpose and methods

Part 5. Grammar

Reported speech. Sequence of tenses

UNIT 5…………………………………………………….

Part 1. Reading and speaking

Sociological theory and empirical research

Part 2. Reading and translation

Ferdinand Tönnies

Part 3. Reading and summarizing

Ferdinand Tonnies “The People (Volkstum) and the State (Staatstum)”

Part 4. Speaking

Results and conclusion of the current research

Part 5. Grammar

Infinitive and Gerund

UNIT 6………………………………………………..

Part 1. Reading and speaking

General sociological orientations

Part 2. Reading and translation

Karl Marx

Part 3. Reading and summarizing

Das Kapital

Part 4. Speaking

Presenting a paper

Part 5. Grammar

Participle

UNIT 7………………………………………………

Part 1. Reading and speaking

Empirical generalizations in sociology

Part 2. Reading and translation

Pitirim A. Sorokin

Part 3. Reading and summarizing

Pitirim Sorokin “Conception of Social Mobility and Its Forms”

Part 4. Speaking

Taking part in the conference

Part 5. Grammar

Conditional sentences

UNIT 8………………………………………………

Part 1. Reading and speaking

British sociology

Part 2. Reading and translation

Vilfredo Pareto

Part 3. Reading and summarizing

Vilfredo Pareto “ Mind & Society ”

Part 4. Speaking

Chairing a Conference

Part 5. Grammar

Modal verbs

UNIT 9……………………………………………………….

Part 1. Reading and speaking

Globalization

Part 2. Reading and translation

Talcott Parsons

Part 3. Reading and summarizing

Talcott Parsons”The Structure of Social Action”

Part 4. Writing research papers

Gathering data, writing summary notes and organizing ideas

Part 5. Grammar

Emphasizing as a means of being more expressive

UNIT 10……………………………………………………..

Part 1. Reading and speaking

Cross-cultural analysis

Part 2. Reading and translation

Robert King Merton

Part 3. Reading and summarizing

Robert Merton’s ideas

Part 4. Writing research papers

Structure, Linguistics and Style

Part 5. Grammar

Revision

UNIT 1

READING AND SPEAKING

Pre-reading task

1. Why have you chosen sociology as the direction of your scientific work?

2. Name the most famous sociologists. What do you know about them?

3. What is the connection of sociology with other social sciences?

4. What do you know about the scientific method?

5. Read the text.

Sociology as a science

Sociology is the systematic study of the development, structure, interaction, and collective behavior of organized groups of human beings. Sociology is the youngest of social sciences. The most important names in sociology are: Auguste Comte (he was the first to use the term sociology), Herbert Spenser (he developed a theory of “social evolution”), Karl Marx (he developed theory of classes), Emile Durkheim (published Rules of Sociological Method), Max Weber (believed that methods used in natural sciences could not be applied in the social sciences). Sociology is a social science. Other social sciences include political science, economics and anthropology, including physical anthropology, and cultural or social anthropology. Psychology and social psychology are often confused with sociology. Psychology is the study of individual behavior and processes. Social psychology may have a sociological orientation and focus on social behavior as a 9-12research makes use of the scientific method, but the specific techniques of data collection and analysis differ from one sociological study to another. There are four general techniques: the case study, the experiment, the observational study, and survey. Time factors are extremely important; sociological studies may be cross-sectional, longitudinal, retrospective, or prospective.

Sociology uses the scientific method in its attempt to find answers to important questions. In this method of inquiry the following conditions must be adhered to:

1. Variable Evidence. Science inquires concrete and factual observation that can be checked for accuracy.

2. Rejection of Absolutes. Scientist must be prepared to examine new evidence.

3. Ethical Neutrally. Science may answer questions of fact but cannot prove that one value is better than another.

4. Objectivity. All observation must be recorded in unbiased terms, and stereotypes must be avoided.

5. Standardized and Stringent Study methods.

6. Professionalism. Sociological investigations, like all scientific investigations, should proceed through the following steps on the way to a conclusion: formulation of hypothesis; research design; collection of data; data analysis, drawing.

The study of sociology is important for many reasons.

•Through sociology we are able to take fresh look at the social environment, receive information about which we previously knew little or nothing.

•We may ultimately understand the social forces that influence our own behavior and behavior of those around us.

•The study of sociology may help to alleviate stereotypes and make us more flexible in adapting to novel situations.

•The insights of sociologists have been of great value to educators, community planners, medical workers, government officials, and businesses.

Answer the following questions

1. What does sociology study?

2. Why is sociology often confused with psychology?

3. Name the general techniques of data collection.

4. What conditions should be considered in the method of inquiry?

5. Speak about the importance of sociology.

6. Comment on the following statement: “Scientific progress is impossible without being concerned with the theory of knowledge”.

READING AND TRANSLATION

1. Read the text about one of the most famous European thinkers and answer the following questions:

1. What kind of philosophical system did Hegel develop?

2. Whose tradition did he follow?

3. What distinguished the thinkers like Hegel from materialists? Give some names of both sides.

4. Name some of Hegel’s famous works.

5. What makes Hegel’s and Plato and Kant’s concepts similar?

6. How does he describe the relationship between finite and infinite?

7. In what way does he challenge materialists?

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

(August 27, 1770 - November 14, 1831)

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel was a German philosopher, and with Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, one of the creators of German Idealism.

Hegel influenced writers of widely varying positions, including both his admirers (Bauer, Feuerbach, Marx, Bradley, Dewey, Sartre, Küng, Kojève, Žižek), and his detractors (Schelling, Kierkegaard, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Peirce, Russell). Hegel developed a comprehensive philosophical framework, or "system", to account in an integrated and developmental way for the relation of mind and nature, the subject and object of knowledge, and psychology, the state, history, art, religion, and philosophy. In particular, he developed a concept of mind or spirit that manifested itself in a set of contradictions and oppositions that it ultimately integrated and united, such as those between nature and freedom, and immanence and transcendence, without eliminating either pole or reducing it to the other. His influential conceptions are of speculative logic or "dialectic," "absolute idealism," "Spirit," negativity, sublation (Aufhebung in German), the "Master/Slave" dialectic, "ethical life," and the importance of history.

Hegel's thinking can be understood as a constructive development within the broadly Platonic tradition that includes Aristotle and Kant. To this list one could add Proclus, Meister Eckhart, Leibniz, Spinoza, Plotinus, Jakob Boehme, and Rousseau. What all these thinkers share, which distinguishes them from materialists like Epicurus, the Stoics, and Thomas Hobbes, and from empiricists like David Hume, is that they regard freedom or self-determination both as real and as having important ontological implications, for soul or mind or divinity.

In his discussion of "Spirit", Hegel praises Aristotle's On the Soul as "by far the most admirable, perhaps even the sole, work of philosophical value on this topic". And in his Phenomenology of Spirit and his Science of Logic, Hegel's concern with Kantian topics such as freedom and morality, and with their ontological implications, is pervasive. Rather than simply rejecting Kant's dualism of freedom versus nature, Hegel aims to subsume it within "true infinity", the "Concept", "Spirit", and "ethical life" in such a way that the Kantian duality is rendered intelligible, rather than remaining a brute "given."

The reason why this subsumption takes place in a series of concepts is that Hegel's method, in his Science of Logic and his Encyclopedia, is to begin with ultra-basic concepts like Being and Nothing, and to develop these through a long sequence of elaborations.

In this way, Hegel intends to defend the germ of truth in Kantian dualism against reductive or eliminative programs like those of materialism and empiricism. Like Plato, with his dualism of soul versus bodily appetites, Kant wants to insist on the mind's ability to question its felt inclinations or appetites and to come up with a standard of "duty" (or, in Plato's case, "good") which goes beyond them. Hegel preserves this essential Platonic and Kantian concern in the form of infinity's going beyond the finite (a process that Hegel in fact relates to "freedom" and the "ought"), the universal's going beyond the particular (in the Concept), and Spirit's going beyond Nature. And Hegel renders these dualities intelligible by (ultimately) his argument in the "Quality" chapter of the Science of Logic that the finite has to become infinite in order to achieve "reality." This is because, as Hegel suggests by his introduction of the concept of "reality", what determines itself rather than depending on its relations to other things for its essential character, is more fully "real" (following the Latin etymology of "real": more "thing-like") than what does not. Finite things don't determine themselves, because, as "finite" things, their essential character is determined by their boundaries, over against other finite things. So, in order to become "real", they must go beyond their finitude ("finitude is only as a transcending of itself").

The result of this argument is that finite and infinite—and, by extension, particular and universal, nature and freedom—don't face one another as two independent realities, but instead the latter (in each case) is the self-transcending of the former. Thus rather than being merely "given", without explanation, the relationship between finite and infinite (and particular and universal, and nature and freedom) becomes intelligible. And a challenge is issued to reductive and eliminative programs like materialism and empiricism: What kind of "reality" do your fundamental entities or data possess?

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