Founders of sociology and their thoughts

August Comte "The Liberal"	"Sociology", Positivism Excerpt from Positive Philosophy (1830-42) "The Positive Philosophy offers the only solid basis for that Social Reorganization which must succeed the critical condition in which the most civilized nations are now living.... It alone has been advancing during a course of centuries throughout which the others have been declining. The fact is incontestable. Some may deplore it, but none can destroy it, nor therefore neglect it but under penalty of being betrayed by illusory speculations. This general revolution of the human mind is nearly accomplished. We have only to complete the Positive Philosophy by bringing Social phenomena within its comprehension, and afterward consolidating the whole into one body of homogeneous doctrine. The marked preference which almost all minds, from the highest to the commonest, accord to positive knowledge over vague and mystical conceptions, is a pledge of what the reception of this philosophy will be when it has acquired the only quality that it now wants—a character of due generality. When it has become complete, its supremacy will take place spontaneously. and will reestablish order throughout society."
Herbert Spencer "The Conservative"	Evolution, "Survival of Fittest" Excerpt from The Principles of Sociology, Vol. 1 (1876) "Society is an organism... It undergoes continuous growth; as it grows, its parts, becoming unlike, exhibit increase of structure; the unlike parts simultaneously assume activities of unlike kinds; these activities are not simply different, but their differences are so related as to make one another possible; the reciprocal aid thus given causes mutual dependence of the parts; and the mutually dependent parts, living by and for one another, form an aggregate constituted on the same general principle as an individual organism. The analogy of a society to an organism becomes still clearer on learning that every organism of appreciable size is a society; and on further learning that in both, the lives of the units continue for some time if the life of the aggregate is suddenly arrested, while if the aggregate is not destroyed by violence its life greatly exceeds in duration the lives of its units. Though the two are contrasted as respectively discrete and concrete, and though there results a difference in the ends subserved by the organization, there does not result a difference in the laws of the organization: the required mutual influences of the parts, not transmissible in a direct way, being transmitted in an indirect way."
Karl Marx "The Radical"	Class, Revolution, Dialectical Materialism Excerpt from The Communist Manifesto (1848): "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. Freeman and slave, patrician and plebian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary reconstitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes.... It is high time that Communists should openly, in the face of the whole world, publish their views, their aims, their tendencies, and meet this nursery tale of the spectre of communism with a manifesto of the party itself.... In short, the Communists everywhere support every revolutionary movement against the existing social and political order of things. In all these movements, they bring to the front, as the leading question in each, the property question, no matter what its degree of development at the time. Finally, they labor everywhere for the union and agreement of the democratic parties of all countries. The Communists disdain to conceal their views and aims. They openly declare that their ends can be attained only by the forcible overthrow of all existing social conditions. Let the ruling classes tremble at a communist revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. Working men of all countries, unite!"
Emile Durkheim "The Scientist"	Social Fact, Anomie Excerpts from The Rules of the Sociological Method (1893) "Before beginning the search for the method appropriate to the study of social facts it is important to know what are the facts termed 'social'... When I perform my duties as a brother, a husband or a citizen and carry out the commitments I have entered into, I fulfill obligations which are defined in law and custom and which are external to myself and my actions. Even when they conform to my own sentiments and when I feel their reality within me, that reality does not cease to be objective, for it is not I who have prescribed these duties; I have received them through education... Here, then, is a category of facts which present very special characteristics: they consist of manners of acting, thinking and feeling external to the individual, which are invested with a coercive power by virtue of which they exercise control over him. Consequently, since they consist of representations and actions, they cannot be confused with organic phenomena, nor with psychical phenomena, which have no existence save in and through the individual consciousness. Thus they constitute a new species and to them must be exclusively assigned the term social."

Sources

1. www virtual library

2. wikipedia

Literature

1. Alexander J., The French Connection: Revisionism and Followership in the Interpretation of Parsons, in American Sociological Review, 1981.

2. Bertell Ollman, Toward Class Consciousness Next Time: Marx and the Working Class, Politics and Society. 3 (1), 1972, pp. 1-24.

3. Dawe A., The Two Socologies, British Journal of Sociology, 1970, pp. 207-228.

4. Durkheim E. La Sociologie en France en XIX// Durkheim E. La science sociale et 1'action, 1970.

5. Giddens A. The Class Structure of the Advanced Societies, Hutchinson of London, 1977

6. International Sociology/ Journal of the International Sociological Association, 2003

7. Lukes S. Emile Durkheim. His Life and Work. A Historical and Critical Study. Harmondsworth, 1977.

8. Max Weber. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 20 Apr. 2009.

9. Ralph M Frank Park, Marxism and Class Theory: A Bourgeois Critique. London: Tavistock, 1979

10. Talcott Parsons The Structure of Social Action, McGraw Hill, 1937.

11. Дюркгейм Э. Ценностные и реальные суждения // Дюркгейм Э. Социология. Ее предмет, метод, предназначение. М., 1995.

12. Купцов В.И. Философия в современном мире. М., 1987.

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