Key Vocabulary

Study the following list of vocabulary.

1. full employment	полная занятость
2. part-time employment	неполная занятость
3. informal employment	неофициальная, неформальная занятость
4. job-sharing	разделённая ставка, деление рабочего места между несколькими работниками
5. teleworking n	дистанционная работа, выполнение рабочих функций в дистанционном режиме
6. employable citizen	трудоспособный гражданин
7. availability n	доступность, возможность использования
8. casual adj	нерегулярный, бессистемный
9. illegal activity	нелегальная, незаконная деятельность
10. employer n	наниматель, работодатель
11. coworker n	сослуживец, коллега, напарник
12. supervision n	контроль, наблюдение, управление
13. effective adj	эффективный, действенный, результативный
14. satisfaction n	удовлетворение, удовлетворённость
15. sense of security	чувство безопасности
16. pension scheme	пенсионный план, система пенсионного обеспечения
17. sick-pay scheme	система выплаты пособия по болезни
18. skill n	умение, навык
19. creativity n	творчество, креативность

Pre-reading Activities

Translate the sentences into Russian. Mind the list of Useful Vocabulary.

1. My employer is a very generous person; he gives us all a big present at Christmas.

2. If you wish me to attend an interview, I am available at any time.

3. My new job requires a lot of skills in the IT sphere.

4. Our boss invited us to participate in a job-sharing scheme.

5. The work of a software developer can be tiring, but it demands a lot of creativity and brings a lot of satisfaction and positive emotions.

6. Many professional persons get a large amount of job satisfaction and a high income.

Reading

1. Read the text and focus on types of employment and the main reasons for working.

When we speak about employment we usually mean paid work done by a person or a group of people. There are different types of employment nowadays.

The main goal of economy is full employment, which means availability of jobs for all employable citizens.

Nowadays a lot of people work part-time; they perform their professional duties during a part of the regular working time. There has been a huge rise in part-time jobs of all kinds, ranging from the unskilled office cleaners to the highly skilled computer consultants.

There is also job sharing. This is a practice of dividing a full time job between two people so that each works for half the time.

We can also mention informal employment, or paid work on a casual basis. Jobs are often irregular, and workers are self-employed without earning pensions and without paying taxes. This sort of employment is common in urban areas of developing countries. It may involve service jobs as well as craft industries.

With technological advances more and more people telework. It means working away from the employer’s office, often at home, but maintaining close contact with coworkers and managers using computers and IT. In some situations teleworking can increase an employee’s productivity; it also decreases the time they spend driving to and from work and at the same time decreases pollution from cars. But some managers feel uncomfortable with the lack of direct supervision they have over their teleworking employees, and some employees may dislike teleworking because of isolation from coworkers.

But why do people work? This question is important for business. The management of any business must try to understand why people work and provide the right motivation to make them work more effectively.

Of course, one of the main reasons for working is money. People work to get enough money to satisfy their basic needs. But money isn’t the only motivation.

Belonging to a group is also a strong motivation for working people. A sense of security is another human need for most people, that is why employers try to provide different pension and sick-pay schemes.

One more strong motivation for people is a sense of self-importance. To work efficiently, people want to feel their importance and necessity. Only in this case they will have job satisfaction – a sense that you are doing something you really want to do using all your skills and creativity.

Comprehension Check

1. Agree or disagree with these statements about the text.

1. There is one type of employment nowadays.

2. The main goal of economy is full employment.

3. Nowadays a lot of people perform their professional duties during a part of the regular working time.

4. Job-sharing is a practice of dividing a full time job between two people so that each works for half the time.

5. With technological advances few people telework.

6. Money is not one of the main reasons for working.

2. Choose the answer (A, B or C) which you think fits best according to the text.

1. How many types of employment are mentioned in the text?

A. 4 B. 5 C. 6

2. What reasons for working are mentioned in the text?

A. money, belonging to a group, a sense of security, a sense of self-importance

B. money, belonging to a group, a sense of winning, a sense of development

C. money, a sense of satisfaction, happiness, creativity

3. Complete the sentences using the information from the text.

1. Full employment means …...

2. Job-sharing is a practice of …...

3. The management of any business must try to understand …...

4. People work to get enough money to …...

5. Job satisfaction is a sense that …...

Vocabulary Focus

1. Match the words on the left with those on the right. Then translate the expressions into Russian.

1. job	a. employees
2. employable	b. jobs
3. job	c. sharing
4. work	d. citizens
5. teleworking	e. satisfaction
6. irregular	f. effectively

2. Use the words from the list of Useful Vocabulary to complete the sentences.

1. He is ….., that’s why he only goes to the office one day a week.

a. teleworking

b. coworker

c. creative

2. One of the most difficult decisions is choosing what to do for a …...

a. living

b. work

c. satisfaction

3. Most people are much more creative than their ….. realize.

a. skills

b. employers

c. jobs

4. When she is 55, she will be able to give up work and live on her …...

a. creativity

b. employment

c. pension

5. Sick-pay and pension schemes are the basic things which provide employees with a …...

a. sense of responsibility

b. sense of security

c. sense of self-importance

3. Give the English equivalents to the following expressions.

- работа на нерегулярной основе

- профессиональные обязанности

- типы занятости

- платить налоги

- городская местность

- развитые страны

- увеличить производительность

- руководство предприятия

- работать эффективно

- удовлетворять нужды

Talking Points

1. Comment on the quotations.

1. It doesn’t matter what job you do. It matters how you do it.

2. I would rather be a happy dustman than an unhappy millionaire.

2. Which of the following is (was) the most important to you when deciding on a career? Rank the points, then discuss it with your groupmates.

- long-term career prospects

- personal satisfaction

- good payment

- opportunity to travel

- using your initiative

- chance to meet a lot of people

3. In pairs, discuss the following questions.

1. Are you sure /unsure about your career path? Why?

2. Are you optimistic/pessimistic about your prospects? Why?

3. Do you want to be self-employed or work as an employee? Why?

Summary Points

1. Read the text and choose the most suitable headline out of those given below.

A. Importance of Job Interviews.

B. Problems at Job Interviews.

C. Basic Types of Job Interviews.

D. Psychological Aspect of Job Interviews.

Job interviews can generally be divided into 3 main types. The first is called the “traditional interview”. This is usually a series of standard questions about qualifications, work experience, knowledge and expectations. Here you have a list of quite traditional questions, like “What duties did you have in your previous job?” This is still the model for a lot of interviews today.

Then there is the “case interview” which is very challenging. Here the interviewer presents a problem and then asks questions to find out how the candidate would solve the problem. The “case interview” puts candidates in a pretty uncomfortable position because they are asked to do different things – to demonstrate that they can analyze the problem logically, and communicate effectively with the interviewer.

The third type is known as the “behavioural interview”. Its task is to find out how candidates behave in certain situations. A typical question here may be “Can you give me an example of a situation where you had to follow orders that you didn’t agree with?” The answers to such questions disclose a lot of information and the interviewer can see more of the interviewee.

2. Put down key words and expressions from each paragraph.

3. Summarize the text, basing on the key words and expressions you have put down.

Unit 14

GLOBALIZATION

Lead-in

1. Choose the variant which best defines the word “globalization”. Then explain your choice.

A. the process of exchanging information, ideas or feelings

B. the process enabling financial and investment markets to operate internationally, largely as a result of deregulation and improved communication

C. the process enabling people to cut their expenses and economize

2. Divide into 2 groups. Try to find some advantages and disadvantages of globalization. Then exchange your ideas.

Key Vocabulary

Study the following list of vocabulary.

1. business n	зд. – промышленное или торговое предприятие, фирма, компания
2. free trade	свободная торговля
3. prosperity n	процветание, преуспевание
4. less-developed country	слаборазвитая страна
5. developing country	развивающаяся страна
6. developed country	развитая страна
7. opportunity n	шанс, возможность, перспектива
8. major adj	главный, более важный, значительный
9. protect v	защищать, охранять
10. promote v	продвигать
11. living standard	жизненный уровень
12. welfare n	благосостояние, благополучие, социальное обеспечение
13. cross-cultural problems	межкультурные, межэтнические проблемы
14. issue n	вопрос, проблема
15. malnutrition n	недоедание, недостаточное питание

Pre-reading Activities

Translate the sentences into Russian. Mind the list of Useful Vocabulary.

1. Consortium is a group of companies in similar businesses working together.

2. Some people believe that free trade between nations can offer prosperity and growth for all countries and businesses.

3. India is the world’s major exporter of IT services.

4. Many economists from developed countries believe that globalization may be the explanation for key trends in the world economy.

5. Those who support anti-globalists say that globalization provokes cross-cultural problems in the world.

Reading

Read the following text and answer the questions that follow it.

Globalization is a word which has existed since the 1960s and it is on everyone’s lips these days from politicians to businessmen. The term “globalization” is used to describe certain processes in the world today. Globalization is defined as the process enabling financial and investment markets to operate internationally, largely as a result of deregulation and improved communication.

The accelerating pace of globalization is having a profound effect on life both in rich and in poor countries.

Of course, many governments and businesses see a lot of advantages in the process of globalization. They believe that increasing free trade between nations will offer prosperity and growth for all countries and businesses. Globalization, they state, has already brought many benefits: global food production has risen steadily over the last years and malnutrition rates have fallen accordingly; citizens in less-developed countries have access to health care which is often supplied by foreign businesses.

For companies globalization means increasing the number of countries of operation. For example, British Petroleum (BP) is probably the most global company in the world. It is interesting to see that in the USA its nationality has begun to disappear. Almost everybody in the US says BP, and not British Petroleum. It’s a local kind of company.

So, for its supporters, globalization offers an opportunity rather than a threat. The leaders of the world’s major economies and big businesses are committed to protecting and promoting global commerce and trade. They believe that the world is moving towards an era of global markets and global companies.

Together with this, anti-globalists emphasize that globalization threatens the environment as well as national cultures – they predict that it will make the rich nations richer and the developing countries poorer. Among other disadvantages of globalization there are such points as:

- It can lead to big employment problems.

- It lowers people’s living standards.

- It prevents governments from controlling their welfare systems.

- It creates cross-cultural problems between the East and the West.

As we can judge, nowadays globalization is a controversial issue for businesses and governments all over the world. But it goes without saying that it’s also an important issue for the 21^st century, which will continue to be the subject of debate among those who oppose, support or simply observe it.

Comprehension Check

1. Answer the following questions.

1. How is globalization defined in the text?

2. What advantages do businesses and governments see in the process of globalization?

3. What disadvantages do anti-globalists emphasize?

4. What other disadvantages of globalization are mentioned in the text?

2. Complete the sentences using the information from the text.

1. For companies globalization means …...

2. For its supporters globalization offers …...

3. The term “globalization” is used to describe …...

4. The world is moving towards an era …...

5. Globalization prevents governments from …...

3. Summarize all the advantages and disadvantages of globalization given in the text. Can you add any others?

Vocabulary Focus

1. Match the words with their definitions.

1. free trade	a. success or wealth.
2. prosperity	b. a country that is seeking to become more advanced economically and socially.
3. living standard	c. international trade that is free of such government interference as import quotas, export subsidies, and protective tariffs.
4. developing country	d. lack of adequate food.
5. malnutrition	e. level of comfort in which people live, which usually depends on how much money they have.

2. Use the words from the list of Useful Vocabulary to complete the sentences.

1. As a result of ….. many businesses trade throughout the world.

a. malnutrition

b. globalization

c. promotion

2. Governments are planning to expand the global economy by …..trade and economic interdependence.

a. promoting

b. fighting

c. economizing

3. International furniture retailer IKEA announced that it will ….. the world’s ancient forests.

a. trade

b. supply

c. protect

4. Cheaper housing would improve the ….. of ordinary people.

a. living advantages

b. living disadvantages

c. living standards

5. The police have made no attempt to solve these …...

a. standards

b. issues

c. businesses

6. The supporters of globalization state that it will lead the world to economic …...

a. trade

b. prosperity

c. opportunity

3. Give the English equivalents to the following expressions.

- угрожать окружающей среде

- продвигать торговлю

- финансовые и инвестиционные рынки

- видеть много преимуществ

- иностранное предприятие

- создавать межкультурные проблемы

Talking Points

1. Comment on the quotations.

1. “It has been said that arguing against globalization is like arguing against the law of gravity”.

Kofi Annan

2. “Globalization is a fact of economic life”.

Carlos Salinas de Gortari

2. Express your opinion on the following points.

1. Globalization: is it good or bad? Why?

2. What is your opinion about the future of the process of globalization?

3. Finish the phrase.

- I would (not) like to live in the era of globalization, because …...

Summary Points

1. Look through the text from Reading and fill in the missing parts of its plan.

I. The definition of globalization.

II.

III. The disadvantages of globalization.

IV.

2. Put down key words for each point of the plan.

3. Summarize the text, basing on the key words you have put down.

Unit 15

THE FIRST MODERN ECONOMISTS

Lead-in

1. Can you name any well-known economists? What were they famous for?

2. Who got the epithet «the father of economics»?

Key Vocabulary

1. Study the following list of vocabulary.

1. merchant n	купец, торговец; лицо, занимающееся торговлей
2. compete v	конкурировать, состязаться, соревноваться
3. wealth n	богатство, состояние
4. object v	возражать, протестовать; выдвигать возражения
5. outperform v	превосходить; выполнять лучше (кого-л.)
6. invisible hand	«невидимая рука» (рыночный механизм, автоматически осуществляющий регулирование хозяйства в условиях свободной конкуренции)
7. benefit the society	помогать, приносить пользу обществу

2. Mind the following common nouns.

1. mercantilist n - меркантилист (сторонник меркантилизма, системы взглядов на вопросы экономической политики, господствовавшей в 16 – 18 вв.)

2. physiocrat n - физиократ (представитель французской школы политической экономики в 18 веке)

Pre-Reading Activities

1. Use a dictionary and match the synonyms. Mind the use of the prepositions.

i) to outperform somebody	a) to oppose something
ii) to object to something	b) a seller
iii) to compete with somebody	c) to surpass somebody
iv) a merchant	d) to rival somebody

Reading

Read the text and assimilate its information.

Between the 16^th and 18^th centuries the major countries of Europe believed in the economic theory of mercantilism. Mercantilists claimed that nations should behave as if they were merchants competing with one another for profit and like merchants, nations should protect business and industry.

But for a group of 18^th-centuary French philosophers and economists, the suggestion that nations should protect their own business and industry made no sense at all. Those were the physiocrats. They claimed that the products of agriculture and other natural resources were the true source of wealth. In other words, since real wealth came from the land, it followed that the best thing the government could do would be to keep its hands off business and let nature take its course. This idea was expressed in the slogan «laissez faire», (let people do as they choose).

The year of 1776 became very significant for the development of the world economic thought, as one of the most influential scientific works, The Wealth of Nations, written by Adam Smith, the father of economics, was published. The author objected to the principal economic beliefs of his day. He disagreed both with the physiocrats and mercantilists. In Smith’s view, the nation’s wealth depended on production, not agriculture alone.

The heart of Smith’s economic philosophy was his belief that the economy would work best without any government regulation. In this case, self-interest would lead companies to produce only those products that consumers wanted, and to produce them at the lowest possible cost. They would do this to outperform their competitors and gain the greatest profit. He believed that self- interest would benefit the society as a whole by providing it with more and better goods and services at the lowest prices. To explain why the society benefits when the economy is free of regulation, Adam Smith used the term «invisible hand», meaning the economic forces that today are called supply and demand.

In his work «The Wealth of Nations» Adam Smith sounds realistic and practical, respectful of the classical past but at the same time dedicated to the great discovery of his epoch – progress. Although he was writing for his generation, his thoughts and ideas have always attracted the attention of all economists, that is why Adam Smith has remained a significant figure in the history of economic thought for more than 2 centuries.

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