Exercise 2. Choose one or more words from list B to modify the verbs from list A so as to make sense. Translate the word combinations into the native language.

TYPES OF WOUNDS

Exercise 1. Learn the following words.

1.torn, adj	[´tɔ:n]	рваний
2.punctured, adj	[´pʌŋkt∫әd]	колений
3.blunt, adj	[´blʌnt]	тупий
4.trauma, n	[´trɔ:mә]	травма
5.contusion, n	[kәn´tјu:ʒn]	забите місце
6.open, v	[´әʋpәn]	відкритий
7.closed, adj	[´klәʋzd]	закритий
8.refer, v (to)	[rɪ ´fɜ:]	посилатись на
9.dermis, n	[´dɜ:mɪs]	дерма, власне шкіра
10.epidermis, n	[,epɪ ´dɜ:mɪs]	епідерміс, надшкір'я
11.object, n	[´ɒbʤәkt]	предмет, річ
12.incision, n	[ɪn´sɪʒәn]	надріз, розріз
13.incised, adj	[ɪn´saizd]	(роз-, над-)різаний
14.laceration, n	[,læsә´reɪ∫n]	розрив
15.linear, adj	[´lɪnɪә]	лінійний
16.stellate, adj	[´stelɪt]	зіркоподібний
17.misuse, v	[mis´јu:s]	неправильно вживати
18.abrasion, n	[ә´breɪʒn]	подряпина
19.graze, n	[greɪz]	легка рана
20.superficial, adj	[,su:pә´fɪ∫әl]	поверховий
21.slide, v	[´slaɪd]	ковзати
22.rough, adj	[´rʌf]	грубий, шершавий
23.penetration, n	[,penɪ´treɪ∫n]	проникнення
24.gun-shot, n	[´gʌn∫ɔt]	постріл
25.bullet, n	[´bulɪt]	куля
26.projectile, n	[prә´ʤektaɪl]	снаряд, куля
27.bruise, n	[´bru:z]	синець, гуля
28.hematoma, n	[,hi:mә´tәʋmә]	гематома
29.disrupt, v	[dɪs´rʌpt]	розривати
30.disintegrate, v	[dɪs´ɪntɪgreɪt]	подрібнювати
31.sewn, adj	[´sәʋn]	зашитий
32.gape	[geip]	зіяти

Exercise 2.Guess the meaning of the following words.

Hematoma, pathology, linear, epidermis, contusion, penetration, disintegrate, abrasion, trauma, chronic, medicine, puncture, typical, category, classification, object, period, collection, traumatic, process, diabetic, circulation, infection, systemic, abscess, critical, locally, sepsis, scrape, sterile solution, antiseptic, tablet, history, philosopher, theory, serious, physically.

Exercise 3. Find corresponding equivalents:

in (with) reference to…	м'ясо, тіло, плоть
to refer to…	відскрібати
topmost	примушувати, змушувати
to scrape off	обвуглений
"through -and-through"	посилатися на…
incision wound	недостатність
to cause to…	рвана рана
crush injury	з посиланням на…
relatively	різана рана
insufficiency	роздроблена рана
punctured wound	стосовно, відносно
laceration	найвищий, найважливіший
charred	наскрізний
flesh	колена рана

Exercise 4. Complete the table with missing forms.

Nouns	Verbs
	to injury
tear
	to infect
cause
collection
	to puncture
	to incise
penetration
circulation
	to disrupt
reference
appliance
support
	to relieve
	to measure
spread
	to damage

Exercise 5. Read and then translate the following word combinations into Ukrainian language:

In medicine; a chronic abscess; the dermis of the skin; in pathology; according to; a sharp-edged object; a critical point; to breed tetanus; a glass splinter; insufficiency in the circulation; superficial wounds; the layer of the skin; to spread locally; a rough surface; a harsh blow; a sliding fall; the bottom of the forefoot; through the body; a blood tumor; a long period of time; diabetic ulcers; charred tissues; systemic support; a puncture; to collect under the skin; blunt force trauma; a thorough cleansing.

Exercise 5. Match the words with their definitions.

1.wound	a)an injury appearing as an area of discoloured skin on the body, caused by a blow or impact rupturing underlying blood vessels.
2.trauma	b)a minor wound in which the surface of the skin or a mucous membrane is worn away by rubbing or scrapping.
3.hematoma	c)a person engaged or learned in philosophy, especially as an academic discipline.
4.bruise	d)the thin layer of tissue forming the natural outer covering of the body of a person or animal.
5.abrasion	e)a solid swelling of clotted blood within the tissues.
6.contusion	f)the presence in tissues of harmful bacteria and their toxins, typically through infection of a wound.
7.skin	g)an injury to living tissue caused by a cut, blow, or other impact, typically one in which the skin is cut or broken.
8.contusion	h)a swollen area within body tissue, containing an accumulation of pus.
9.sepsis	i)a region of injured tissue or skin in which blood capillaries have been ruptured.
10.infection	j)the process of infecting or the state of being infected.
11.abscess	k)a region of injured tissue or skin in which blood capillaries have been ruptured.
12.philosopher	l)a physical wound or injury, such as a fracture or blow.

TEXT: TYPES OF WOUNDS

In medicine, a wound is a type of injury in which skin is torn, cut or punctured (an open wound), or where blunt force trauma causes a contusion (a closed wound). In pathology, it specifically refers to a sharp injury which damages the dermis of the skin.

Classification

Open

Open wounds can be classified according to the object that caused the wound. The types of open wound are:

An open wound

§ Incisions or incised wounds, caused by a clean, sharp-edged object such as a knife, a razor or a glass splinter.

§ Lacerations, irregular tear-like wounds caused by some blunt trauma. Lacerations and incisions may appear linear (regular) or stellate (irregular). The term laceration is commonly misused in reference to incisions. The first step to treat this kind of wound is to stop bleeding, clean and scrub the injury of any loose materials and tissue, and then apply some sort of closing technique, whether through stitching or the application of a pressure dressing. The edges of the wound will try to be realigned to speed healing and lessen scarring.

A laceration to the leg

§ Abrasions (grazes), superficial wounds in which the topmost layer of the skin (the epidermis) is scraped off, but the tissue underneath remains intact. Abrasions are often caused by a sliding fall onto a rough surface. An example of this is a first-degree burn. Cleansing of the wound and removal of any foreign material is important within the first 24 hours. Treatment is usually non-surgical and consists of the application of a moist dressing to protect the new tissue that forms to heal the abrasion.

§ Puncture wounds, caused by an object puncturing the skin, such as a nail or needle.

An infected puncture wound to the bottom of the forefoot.

A puncture wound from playing darts.

§ Penetration wounds, caused by an object such as a knife entering and coming out from the skin.

§ Gunshot wounds, caused by a bullet or similar projectile driving into or through the body. There may be two wounds, one at the site of entry and one at the site of exit, generally referred to as a "through-and-through."

Closed

Closed wounds have fewer categories, but are just as dangerous as open wounds. The types of closed wounds are:

§ Contusions, more commonly known as bruises, caused by a blunt force trauma that damage tissue under the skin. When a person sustains a harsh blow, it causes tissue damage and bleeding beneath the skin, but does not tear the skin itself. Most contusions do not require medical treatment, but should be monitored for symptoms of hematoma, which is deep tissue damage. A hematoma can cause skin death over the injury and will need medical treatment. Symptoms of a hematoma are a steadily growing mass beneath the contusion and discoloration, as well as severe pain. These symptoms require immediate medical treatment.

§ Hematomas, also called a blood tumor, caused by damage to a blood vessel that in turn causes blood to collect under the skin.

§ Crush injury, caused by a great or extreme amount of force applied over a long period of time.

§ Chronic and Acute Acute or traumatic wounds are the result of injuries that disrupt the tissue. Chronic wounds are those that are caused by a relatively slow process that leads to tissue damage. Chronic wounds include pressure, venous, and diabetic ulcers. Typically, an insufficiency in the circulation or other systemic support of the tissue causes it to fail and disintegrate. Infection then takes hold of the site and hits a critical point, it can spread locally. Once the infection hits a critical point, it can spread locally or become systemic (sepsis).

Exercise 1. Answer the following questions:

1. What are the main two types of wounds?

2. What does a wound mean in medicine?

3. What does the wound refer to in pathology?

4. What can open wounds be classified according to?

5. What are incisions caused by?

6. What types of open wounds do you know?

7. What is the treatment of lacerations?

8. What is the difference between the open and closed wounds?

9. How do we distinguish the closed wounds?

10. When can infection spread locally and become systemic?

Exercise 2. Choose one or more words from list B to modify the verbs from list A so as to make sense. Translate the word combinations into the native language.

List A: To cause; to refer to; to damage; to be caused by; to appear; to be misused; to collect; to be applied; to scrape off; to be referred to; to lead to; to hit; to spread.

List B: the topmost layer of the skin; a critical point; as a "through-and-through; tissue damage; over a long period of time; the dermis; locally; a clean, sharp-edged object; under the skin; in reference to incisions; a contusion; a sharp injury; linear (regular) or stellate.

Exercise 3. Find the appropriate sentence endings:

1. Incisions or incised wounds, caused by…

2. Contusions, more commonly known as …

3. Lacerations, irregular tear-like wounds caused by …

4. Abrasions (grazes), superficial wounds in which the topmost layer of the skin (the epidermis)…

5. Hematomas, also called a blood tumor, caused by…

6. Puncture wounds, caused by an object puncturing the skin, such as …

7. Penetration wounds, caused by an object such as a knife…

8. Crush injury, caused by a great or extreme amount of…

9. Gunshot wounds, caused by a bullet or similar projectile driving …

a) …is scraped off.

b) …into or through the body.

c) …entering and coming out from the skin.

d) …a clean, sharp-edged object such as a knife, a razor or a glass splinter.

e) … a nail or needle.

f) … force applied over a long period of time.

g) ….damage to a blood vessel that in turn causes blood to collect under the skin.

h) … bruises, caused by a blunt force trauma that damage tissue under the skin.

i) … some blunt trauma.

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