I Reading skills. Read and remember the following words and word combinations used in their specialized meanings. to copyright - забезпечувати

Read and remember the following words and word combinations used in their specialized meanings.

to copyright	- забезпечувати авторське право
initially	- на початковому етапі
to obtain	- здобувати
to enact	- ухвалювати, впроваджувати в закон
attorney	- адвокат
procedure	- процедура
trademark	- торгова марка
to inherit	- успадковувати
to distinguish	- розрізняти

Read and translate the following text into Ukrainian

Copyright law

A copyright is a form of intellectual property law, which protects original works of authorship including literary, dramatic, musical, and artistic works such as poetry, novels, movies, songs, computer software and architecture. Copyright law does not protect facts, ideas, systems, or methods of operation, although it may protect the way these things are expressed.

Copyright law provides that the owner of a property has the exclusive right to print, distribute, and copy the work, and permission must be obtained by anyone else to reuse the work in these ways.

Copyright laws have been enacted in most countries to protect your products. Depending on the country in which you live, copyright is obtained either automatically or by application.

Law and application procedures vary between countries, so if you are considering copyright your work, you should check with a lawyer or intellectual property attorney to find out exactly what is required in your jurisdiction.

Some countries, such as Australia, have laws that provide for automatic copyright protection as soon as an idea is created in ‘’tangible’’ form (which includes being saved to disk). There is no registry and application system in Australia. This means that people and companies in Australia usually have their website design, page content, photographs and other webpage elements automatically as soon as they are created and saved to disk.

Other countries have government departments called a copyright registry which copyright can be applied for. Registration may not necessary be required in these courtiers before certain protection is offered, but it is often the case that the options for taking legal action and obtaining damages are limited unless an application has been made.

Subject to applicable laws, once copyright has been obtained, a copyright statement can be included with your work. It is recommended that the statement contains the word “copyright’’, the copyright symbol (©), the year the copyright came into effect and the name of who owns the copyright. An example of a copyright statement is: Copyright© 2007 Multimedia Australia Pty.Ltd.

Copyright remains in effect for a certain number of years before it lapses (this period varies from one country to other, but the period is generally between 50 to 70 years after the author’s death).

Also, be aware that in addition to copyright, there are other forms of intellectual property protection such as trademarks and patents. Copyright, trademarks and patents protect different kinds of intellectual property. Trademarks distinguish the goods and/or services or one person or company from another. A company might trademark a slogan or the name of a product, for example. Patents protect inventions, such as new processes, equipment or manufacturing techniques. To patent something you have invented (whether it's a product or some sort of process), you have to demonstrate that your invention is a significantly original creation − that it is unique enough to distinguish it from existing inventions and that it is innovative enough that it wouldn't be obvious to others. Patents provide protection for 20 years. After that, the invention is public property.

Trademarks and patents are not inherited; they can only be obtained through registration.

Copyright is a complex issue, particularly the internet is involved, and laws often change.

Find the answers to the questions.

1. What does it mean copyright?

2. What does it provide?

3. What kinds of works does copyright protect?

4. What kinds of works are not copyrighted?

5. How is copyright obtained in different countries? (in Ukraine, in Australia, in the USA).

6. Is there a great difference in the procedure?

7. What are the main parts of the copyright statement? Give some examples.

8. What other forms of intellectual protection are known?

9. What’s the difference between a copyright, a trademarks and a patent?

10. How long does copyright exist?

11. How many years do patents provide protection?

Complete the sentences.

1. Copyright laws have been enacted ….

2. There is no … in Australia.

3. Other countries have ….

4. Trademarks and patents are not ….

5. … different kinds of intellectual property.

6. It is recommended that the statement contains ….

Match the following English words with their definitions.

1. pirate	a.	the crime of either entering a building as a trespasser with the intention of committing theft, rape, grievous bodily harm, or damage, or, having entered as a trespasser, of committing one or more of these offences
2. software piracy	b.	injury or harm impairing the function or condition of a person or thing.
3. shareware	c.	a person who copies software illegally
4. domain name	d.	is software that is freely distributed for a small fee paid on an "honour system." You are not required to pay the fee to try the program, but if you like the software enough to use it, you are expected to send the fee directly to the creator
5. a damage	e.	is the unique name that identifies an Internet site. It always has two or more parts separated by dots
6. a burglary	f.	making illegal copies of copyrighted software
7. copyright	g.	the exclusive right to produce copies and to control an original literary, musical, or artistic work, granted by law

True or false statements.

1. Experts in disciplines ranging from economics to sociology to psychology have examined the motivations behind software piracy. There's no globally accepted explanation for software piracy.

2. Software security has not been an industry concern for years.

3. If a programmer is in the employ of the organization, the program does not belong to the programmer.

4. Making copies of copyrighted software is not called software piracy.

5. Both public domain software and shareware may be copied freely and given to other people.

6. There are many legitimate reasons for copying.

7. You cannot copyright works that do not have a tangible form. You also cannot copyright basic names, titles, short phrases, and lists of common-property information (phone books, periodic tables, etc.).

8. Ideas are not protected by copyright; only the specific presentation of the ideas is copyrightable.

9. Unlike copyrights, patents protect the idea or design of the invention, rather than any tangible form of the invention, and so patenting something is a much trickier procedure than copyrighting something.

Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian.

1. The notion of freedom of information and the ease of posting, copying and distributing messages on the Internet may have created a false impression that text and graphic materials on World Wide Web sites, postings in "usenet" news groups, and messages distributed through e-mail lists and other electronic channels are exempt from copyright statutes.

2. The licenses restrict how and where the software may be legally used by members of the community.

3. If you have purchased your copy, however you may make a backup for your own use, in case the original is destroyed or fails to work.

4. Software developers also revise their programs to add new features from time to time and offer registered owners a reduced, upgrade price.

5. Many software publishers offer a site license, which permits a customer to make multiple copies of a given piece of software.

6. Place a copyright notice on each of your Web pages and other published materials. Spell out the word "Copyright" or use the encircled "c" symbol, along with the year of publication and your name, as shown in this example: Copyright 1998 EditPros marketing communications. If you're concerned about copyright protection in other nations, add: "All rights reserved."

7. While copyright ordinarily belongs to the author, copyright ownership of works for hire belongs to the employer.

II Retell the text “Copyright law ”.

III Rendering

Read the text and translate it into Ukrainian using a dictionary.

Copying software

Software security has been an industry concern for years. Initially, there were many questions: Who owns a program? Is the owner the person who wrote the program or the company for which the author wrote the program? Or, even simpler, what is to prevent any user from copying personal computer software onto another diskette?

Many of these perplexing questions have been answered. If a programmer is in the employ of the organization, the program belongs to the organization, not the programmer. If the programmer is a consultant, however, the ownership of the software produced should be spelled out specifically in the contract – otherwise, the parties enter extremely murky legal waters.

According to a US Supreme Court decision, software can be copyrighted. However, reality seems out of synch with the decision: although unauthorized duplication is specifically prohibited by law, very little can be done to prevent it. Software continues to be copied as blatantly as music disks.

Some software is considered to be in the public domain because its generous maker, probably an individual at home or an educator, chooses to make it free to all. Software called shareware is also given away free even though it is copyrighted; the make hopes for voluntary monetary compensation – that is, he or she hopes that you like it well enough to send a contribution. Both public domain software and shareware may be copied freely and given to other people. But the software that people use most often, such as WordPerfect or Kaspersky, is copyrighted software, software that costs money and must not be copied without permission from the manufacturer. Making illegal copies of copyrighted software is called software piracy.

There are lots of legitimate reasons for copying. To begin with, after paying several hundred dollars for a piece of software, you will definitely want to make a backup copy in case of disk failure or accident. You might want to copy the program onto a hard disk and use it – more conveniently – from there. Or you might want to have one copy at the office and another to use at home. Many software publishers have no trouble with any of these types of copying. But thousands of computer users copy software for another reason: to get the program without paying for it. And therein lies the problem.

The problem of stolen software has grown right along with the personal computer industry.

Make up a plan in the form of questions.

Give the summary of the text according to your plan in a written form.

IV Comprehensive skills

Read and remember

copyleft	антикопірайт
stipulation	домовленість, угода
adherent	прихильник; послідовник
refined	удосконалений
GNU	проект вільного розповсюдження програмного забезпечення (ПЗ)

2. Listen to the text “Copyleft” and try to understand it.

True or false statements.

1. Copyleft is the idea distributing software that the user will be able to copy it freely.

2. Free redistribution and modification of software would encourage users to make improvements to it.

3. The de facto collaboration that developed and refined Linex and other collegially-developed programs led to the idea of "free" software and copyleft.

4. In 1993, the FSF began developing a "free software" project, which was called GNU.

Listen to the text once again and answer the following questions.

1. Who has introduced the term ‘copyleft’?

2. What is the main idea of copyleft?

V Communicative skills.

Ex. 1 Complete the dialogue using the following words.

browsers click content copyright design format Internet layout World Wide Web

Tim: Hey! What are you looking at, Barbara?

Barbara: I am taking a class called 21st Century Advertising. The teacher wants us to study different web sites to learn about web page ___.

Tim: That sounds like a great class for people who are studying business.

Barbara: It is. The ___ is the future of business. And the ___ is going to be the storefront of the next century. To be competitive, businesses have to adapt their current advertising techniques. However, creating a good web site is much more difficult than most people think.

Tim: Have you discovered anything interesting which you consider to be well designed?

Barbara: Yeah, this site is fantastic. Take a look. It's very artistic and the technical ___ is convenient and very logical. It also looks good in different ___. I have already viewed it in Microsoft Explorer and Firefox. The ___ is also fantastic; the size and shape of the text are perfect. I am going to borrow some of their techniques when I make my own web page for class.

Tim: Borrowing ideas is OK, but you have to remember that the ___ of all web pages is legally protected.

Barbara: I know. Our professor taught us about intellectual rights. He told us that ___ infringement is a real concern for people who publish on the Web.

Tim: That's right. Hey, that picture says "continue on." Why don't you ___ there so we can see the next page.

Barbara: OK.

Ex. 2 Be ready to reproduce it in pairs.

Ex. 3 Homewok. Work in pairs. Find out what your group mates know about copyright law and what they think about software piracy. Ask each other at least 8 questions to make up a dialogue. Do not hesitate to express your own point of view. Give some striking examples or statistics.

Unit 8

Topic: Artificial intelligence and Robotics

Дата добавления: 2015-10-28