Читайте также:
|
1. Knowledge is power.
2. A tree is known by its fruit.
3. Nothing is impossible to a willing heart.
4. Where there’s a will, there’s a way.
5. Business before pleasure.
6. If you want a thing well done, do it yourself.
7. What we do willingly is easy.
8. Slow and steady wins the race.
9. Through hardship to the stars.
10. A little help is worth a deal of pity.
PART 2
Education in Great Britain
I. Look through the list of English words and their Russian equivalents before reading the text:
| divide | разделять |
| compulsory | обязательный |
| cover | охватывать |
| infant | начальный |
| curriculum | учебный план |
| to transfer | переводить |
| shorthand | стенография |
| typing | машинопись |
| layer | слой (общества) |
| digestion | усвоение |
| Easter | Пасха |
General Information about Education in Great Britain
The educational system of G.B. is class divided and selective. The first division is between those who pay and those who do not pay, the second between those selected for an intellectual training and those not selected.
State Schools
Primary Education
English children must go to school when they are 5. They go to infant schools where they learn the first steps in reading, writing and using numbers.
Infant schools are considered to be good, but young children are divided into 2 groups according to their mental ability. The curriculum for "strong" and " weak" groups is different. At 7 pupils are transferred to the junior school. Their school subjects are English, arithmetic, history, geography, nature study, swimming, music, art, religious instruction and organized games. Towards the end of the 4th year they write Eleven Plus examinations, on the results of which they will go to the secondary Modern, Technical, Grammar or Comprehensive school.
Secondary Education
Most children go to secondary modern schools, which don't provide complete secondary education. Study programmes are limited. The secondary technical school teaches practical subjects as woodwork, metalwork, needlework, shorthand, typing. The grammar school offers a full general theoretical secondary education including foreign languages, chemistry, physics and others. The majority of students leave the school after taking a 5-year course. The others continue their studies 2 or 3 years to obtain GCSF (General Certificate of Secondary Education) at the advanced level to enter university. The comprehensive school combines the courses of all 3 types of secondary schools. The pupils can study any subject which is taught in these schools. The comprehensive school is considered the most progressive, for pupils of all layers of society mix together in sports and out-of-school activities.
Private Schools
Public schools are for the sons of the aristocracy and the upper bourgeoisie. They charge high fees and train young people for political, diplomatic, military and religious service.
Higher Education
Higher education (very expensive) is given in Colleges of Education, Universities and Polytechnics which prepare their students for degrees or diplomas in their own fields.
The 3 terms into which the academic year is divided are 8-10 weeks. Each term is crowded with activity and the vacations between the terms—a month at Christmas, a month at Easter, and 3-4 months in summer are mainly periods of intellectual digestion and private study.
The students have to live in the hostel and the rent is very high, special fees are taken for books, laboratory work, teaching aids. It is not easy to get a higher education in Great Britain.
The System of Education in England and Wales
| Higher Educational College or University (from 18 year or later) |
Secondary Education
| Modern School (11—16 years of age) | Technical School (11—18 years of age) | Comprehensive School (ll—18 years of age) | Grammar School (11—18 years of age) |
| Primary Education Junior School (7—11 years of age) Infant School (5—7 years of age) |
II. Answer the questions:
1. Why do we call the educational system of Great Britain class-divided?
2. When must English children go to school?
3. What are children taught in infant school?
4. What subjects do children learn in the junior school?
5. What types of secondary school in Great Britain do you know?
6. What do you think about selection procedures?
7. How do public schools differ from comprehensive ones?
8. Do you think British schoolchildren have equal opportunities in getting high quality education? Why?
III. Say whether the statements are right or wrong.
1. The basic feature of education in Britain: it is class-divided and selective.
2. Children begin to go to school at the age of 7.
3. The only subject children learn in the junior school is English.
4. There are 2 types of secondary school in Britain.
5. The majority of students leave the grammar school after taking a 5-year course,
getting GCSE at the advanced level.
6. The comprehensive school is considered the most progressive school for pupils of
all layers of society.
7. Public schools are for all layers of society.
8. The oldest and best known universities are located in Oxford, Cambridge, London,
Leeds, Manchester, Liverpool, Edinburgh, Southampton, Cardiff, Bristol,
Birmingham.
IV. Explain the meaning of the following words "majority "(n), "progressive "(adj), "Easter "(n).
V. Compare the most important information about the system of education in Great Britain and in Belarus.
VI. Study the vocabulary notes before reading the text.
tutorial [tju'torial] system — система прикрепления студентов к преподавателям-консультантам
tutor — преподаватель-консультант (в университетах Англии)
elite [ei´li:t, i´li:t] — элитный; элита, отборная часть, цвет (общества и т.п.)
liberal — (зд.) гуманитарный
Bachelor's degree — степень бакалавра
the degree of Master — степень магистра
postgraduate ['poust'grеdjuit] — аспирант
arts — (зд.) гуманитарный
science — (зд.) естественный
theology — теология
reader/senior lecturer — лектор, доцент
hall of residence — общежитие
grants — стипендия, грант (обычно исп. для оплаты за обучение)
VII. Read and understand the text.
Higher Education in Great Britain
Most people in Great Britain start life in universities and colleges at the age of 18. Britain has more than 90 universities. British universities can be divided into several categories. The foremost universities are the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge, both founded in the Middle Ages. The term Oxbridge is used to refer to both schools as a single entity.
Oxford is a beautiful city on the river Thames about fifty miles from London. Most of the 39 Oxford colleges are fine buildings of grey and yellow stone. The university was founded in the 12th century and more than 8 thousand students study here at present.
Cambridge is situated at a distance of seventy miles from London on the river Cam. Cambridge University (now 29 colleges and 11 thousand students) was founded at the beginning of the 13th century.
Oxford and Cambridge Universities are known for their specific system of education. They preserve an antique way of life and great emphasis is laid on «tutorials». Each student has a tutor (a Don) who gives personal instructions to the students numbering not more than four. Every week the tutor and his students meet to discuss the work they have done, to criticize it in detail and to set the next week's work. The students of Oxford and Cambridge (or Oxbridge, as they are sometimes jointly called) make up one of the most elite elites in the world. Many great men studied there: Bacon, Milton, Cromwell, Newton; many prominent politicians and members of the Royal family were educated here too.
Until the nineteenth century England had no other universities, apart from Oxford and Cambridge. The universities founded between 1850—1930, including London University are known as redbrick universities (because of the favourable building material of the time). Redbrick universities were built to provide a liberal education and to give technological training for the poorer boys. London has its own great schools, the enormous University of London and its world-famous college, the London School of Economics. Students interested in advanced education can also attend polytechnics, which are schools dedicated to the sciences and applied technology. An Education Act in 1992 changed the status of these colleges to universities.
The universities founded after World War II are called «the new universities» (Kent, Essex, York, etc.). The large number of ultramodern universities that sprouted up in the last half of the 20th century are often called cement block and plate-glass universities.
Higher education can also be obtained through the Open University, founded in 1969, which offers extension courses taught through correspondence, television and radio programs, and videocassettes. It also sponsors local study centres and residential summer schools. The purpose of the Open University is to reach people who may not ordinarily be qualified for university study.
All British universities are private institutions. Every institution is independent, autonomous and responsible only to its governing council, but they all receive financial support from the state. The admission to the universities is by examinations or selection (interviews).
Students who pass examinations at the end of the three or four years of study get Bachelor's degree. The first postgraduate degree is normally that of Master conferred for a thesis based on at least one year's full time work. Universities are centres of research and many postgraduates are engaged in research for the higher degree, the degree of Doctor.
A university consists of a number of faculties: arts, science, medicine, agriculture, education, law and theology. The teaching is organized in departments, such as engineering, economics, commerce, History, French, etc.
At the head of each faculty there is a professor. Other teachers are lecturers; some of the senior teachers have the title of a reader or senior lecturer.
Over a third of all full-time students in Britain live in halls of residence, slightly under half are in lodgings and the remainders live at home. The students receive grants.
Education in Britain is not free of charge, it is rather expensive.
VIII. Answer the following questions:
1. How long do the students study at the University?
2. What are the oldest and best known universities in Great Britain?
3. What is Cambridge famous for?
4. Are British universities state owned or private institutions?
5. Is education in Britain very expensive?
IX. Retell the text in English.
SUPPLEMENTARY READING
I. Study the vocabulary notes.
a hall – зд. административное здание
eminent – выдающийся
hallmark – признак, критерий
gowns – мантии
mortarboards – разг. академические шапочки с плоским квадратным верхом (у
английских студентов и профессоров)
II. Read the text. Consult the dictionary. Write out and learn the new words.
University Life at Oxford Today
The population of Oxford is about 115.000 of whom approximately 14,000 are university students (about 72% of them are undergraduates). The University consists of a federation of 36 independent colleges and five halls. For its part the University provides central libraries, laboratories and services; meets a major part of the total bill for the academic salaries; establishes the staff of the various faculties and through them prescribes the curricula, conducts examinations and awards degrees. It also publishes the schedules of the lecturer to be given each term by professors, tutors and eminent visiting academics. The colleges on the other hand, choose their own students and provide them with tutors (known as 'dons' from the Latin dominus), pay for the upkeep of their own buildings and maintain their own libraries, sport teams, having very considerable, financial resources.
Attendance at lectures is not оbligatоrу. The basis of tuition is the tutorial for which students are required to meet with their tutor once or twice a week. For every tutorial the student in the arts of social sciences will prepare a written essay in which the case must be argued. The system, which is built on the strong motivation and encourages independent work, is the hallmark of an Oxford education. Although traditionally renowned for the study of the arts, Oxford is now also one of the world's great scientific universities (over 40% of its students pursue degrees in science). Tutorials for the sciences may involve essays or working through problems with one's tutor, but students must also spend long hours on practical work in the laboratories.
All students live in college for at least their first year, usually with a single room of their own. These days the restrictions on coming and going or on having guests are few. British students receive grants for tuition fees at Oxford, as they do at all British universities. Many also receive maintenance grants as well for although Oxford demands outstanding talents in its students, it is no longer an exclusive preserve of the social elite. Today about 43% of its students arrive from state-funded schools. The ratio of applicants to available places is about 3:1.
After three, or for a few courses four year study the undergraduates prepare for their 'finals' or degree examinations. These are held from late May/June in the Examination Schools, an impressive Victorian building off High Street. For three successive weeks up to 3000 candidates spend some six days on their papers, some returning by the end of July for oral examination upon their written answers. Students dress formally for the examinations, in black and white, with gowns and mortarboards or hats to indicate that at this time, as they receive their degrees, they are members of the University rather than just their individual colleges. Degrees for women were first introduced at Oxford in 1920.
III. Discussion:
1. What is special about the life of first-year students at Oxford? Give your opinion.
2. What are the strong points of the system of education at Oxford?
IV. Study the vocabulary notes before reading the text.
lie, v (lay, lain) — лежать
lawn, n — лужайка, газон
exclude, v — исключать; ~ from; exclusive, adj — изысканный, исключительный; exclusion, n — исключение; to the …of — за исключением
internal, adj — внутренний; (ant. external, adj — внешний)
govern, v — управлять; governor, n — правитель, губернатор
tutor, n – руководитель, преподаватель (в университете); ~, v —обучать, давать частные уроки
guide, v — руководить, вести; guidance, n — руководство
responsible (for), adj — ответственный; responsibility, n — ответственность
grant degrees — присуждать звание, ученую степень
proctor, n — проктор, инспектор студентов
V. Read the text. Consult the dictionary. Write out and learn the new words.
Cambridge University
Cambridge is situated at a distance of 112,65 kilometers from London; the greater part of the town lies on the left bank of the river Cam crossed by several bridges. Cambridge is one of the loveliest towns of England; it is not a modern industrial city and looks much more like a country town.
It is very green presenting to a visitor a series of beautiful groupings of architecture, trees, gardens, lawns and bridges. The dominating factor in Cambridge is its well-known University, a center of education and learning, closely connected with the life and thought of Great Britain. Newton. Byron, Darwin, Rutherford and many other scientists and writers were educated at Cambridge. In Cambridge everything centers on the University and its colleges.
The oldest college is Peterhouse, which was founded in 1284. The most recent is Robinson College, which was opened in 1977.
The University was exclusively for men until 1871 when the first women's college was opened. Another was opened two years later and a third in 1954. In the 1970s, most colleges opened their doors to both men and women. Almost all colleges now are mixed. Each college has its own building, its own internal organization, its own staff and students.
The colleges are governed by "tutors" (teachers, often called "dons"). Each tutor has 10-12 students under his guidance. Tutors teach their own subjects to those students in the college who are studying them, and they are responsible for their progress.
Every college is governed by a dean. Discipline is looked after by proctors. The University is like a federation of colleges. It arranges the courses, the lectures and the examinations, and grants the degrees.
Students study at the University for four years, three terms a year. Long vacation lasts about three months. There are many libraries at Cambridge; some of them have rare collections of books.
VI. Mark true and false statements.
1. The greater part of Cambridge lies on the right bank of the river Cam.
2. The town has no bridges across the river.
3. It is a modern industrial city.
4. The oldest college is Robinson College, which was founded in 1284.
5.Almost all colleges now are mixed (both for men and women).
6. Each college has its own building and internal organization.
7. Tutors teach only their students and are responsible for their progress.
8. The University arranges the lectures and the examinations, and grants the degrees.
9. The University students have two terms a year.
10. The vacation at the University lasts about two months.
VII. Choose the appropriate Russian equivalents for the following English phrases and sentences.
1. Cambridge is one of the loveliest towns of England.
a) один из самых любимых
b) один из самых красивых
c) один из самых замечательных
2. It looks like a country town.
a) Это выглядит как столичный город.
b) Он выглядит как сельский город.
c) Он похож на провинциальный городок.
3. The dominating factor…
a) основная достопримечательность
b) главная черта
c) доминирующий фактор
4. In Cambridge everything centers on the University.
a) Кембридж расположен в центре университета.
b) В Кембридже все концентрируется на университете.
c) В Кембридже центром является университет.
5. The colleges are governed by “tutors”.
a) Университетскими колледжами руководят преподаватели.
b) Колледжи управляются "обучающими программами".
c) В колледжах правят руководители.
6. Almost all colleges now are mixed.
a) Почти все в университетских колледжах теперь перепутано.
b) Почти все университетские колледжи теперь смешанного типа.
c) Почти все университетские колледжи теперь перемешались.
7. Discipline is looked after by proctors.
a) За прокторами дисциплины не наблюдается.
b) Дисциплина наблюдается прокторами.
c) Инспектора студентов следят за дисциплиной.
VIII. Insert the right word.
(exclusively, rare, recent, education, bank, internal organization)
1. Cambridge is situated on the left … of the river Cam.
2. It’s a centre of ….
3. The most … is Robinson College.
4. The University was … for men until 1871.
5. Each college has its own … and staff.
6. Some libraries have … collections of books.
IX. Answer the questions.
1. Where is Cambridge situated?
2. Is it a modern industrial city or a country town?
3. What is Cambridge famous for?
4. How is the University organized?
5. What are the “tutor’s” duties?
6. How long do the students study at the University?
PART 3
Education in the USA
I. Study the vocabulary notes before reading the text.
legacy – наследство, наследие
to enroll – вносить в списки
to estimate – оценивать
to supervise – наблюдать
to encompass – заключать в себе, охватывать
real estate taxes – налоги на недвижимость
to meet the requirements – соответствовать (отвечать)требованиям
II. Read and understand the text.
The System of Education in the USA
Americans have always valued education. The Puritans viewed education as an important means of passing on religious teaching. The US public school system is highly decentralized, with local and state governments having the most control. Local school districts, supervised by a superintendent, determine programmes of study, select books, hire teachers. A school board, usually selected by the people, makes budget and policy decisions. A school district may encompass an entire county or city or just a small geographical segment of a community. State governments commonly distribute state funds to local schools, set accreditation standards, certify teachers and provide other guidelines for public schools.
Traditionally, school districts have been funded by a combination of state and local funds, with a majority of the money coming from the community real estate taxes (the federal government generally contributes only 7 to 8 percent of school revenue).
American children attend school for 12 years. They start the 1st grade at the age of 7, where they learn English, Math, Music and Art. There is a special program named 'Accelerated Reader' (AR) which helps to evaluate smart kids. They read books and then take tests on them. Each book is worth from 1 to 10 AR points depending on its difficulty. It's possible to get up to 250 AR pts. per year. Children do accelerating reading until they enter High School.
Ninth-graders or freshmen enrol into Junior High School. They take English 1, Math, Biology, State Studies or World Geography, Technical Discovery and 2 electives. 4 units earned are required to transfer to the 10n grade. Sophomores (10th-graders) take English 2, Math, Science, World History and 3 electives. Juniors or eleventh-graders take English 3, Math, US History and 4 electives. And seniors or twelfth-graders take English 4, US Government and Electives that are worth 5 ½credits. In order to meet the University Admission Requirements the graduating student should earn:
• 4 credits in English;
• 3 credits in Math (required: Algebra 1, Algebra 2, Geometry);
• 3 credits in Science (any choosing from Biology, Physics, Chemistry, AP Chemistry, AP Biology);
• 3 credits in Social Sciences (US History, World History, US Government and Economics, Geography);
• 2 credits in Advanced Electives (Advanced World Geography, Foreign Language, 4th year lab-based Science
or 4th year Math);
• ½credits in Computer Applications.
Smart students usually take Advanced Placement (AP) courses. The AP program gives students the opportunity to pursue college-level studies while still in high school and receive course credit and placement upon entering college. Over 1200 colleges in the country offer course credit to AP students who score at a certain level on the AP examinations. Academic rank in the class is determined by a 4 pts scale.
The school year is divided into two semesters. Each semester is divided into 2 Nine Weeks Periods. Exams are taken after each period. Progress reports are issued in the middle and the end of the period. There is a 2-weeks break for Christmas and one week for a spring break. Labour Day and Thanksgiving are also observed.
During their junior and senior year students take SAT and ACT tests. The sum of college scholarship money depends on the results of these tests. The maximum SAT score is 1600, ACT - 36. One can be admitted to several colleges at the same time. America's best national universities are Princeton (New Jersey), Harvard (Massachusetts), Yale (Connecticut).
There are 228 national universities in the USA (147 public and 81 private) which offer a full range of undergraduate majors and strongly emphasize research. Students attend college/university for 4 years and if they wish to continue education and research, they go to graduate school to get Ph.D. degree.
III. Answer the questions for discussion:
1. How does the US public school system operate?
2. Who traditionally funds school districts in the US?
3. What are the University Admission Requirements?
4. What are America's best national universities?
5. Can American school leavers be admitted to several colleges at the same time?
6. How long does the university education last?
7. Is there any postgraduate education in the US?
IV. Read the text. Consult the dictionary where necessary. Write out the new words and learn them.
Higher education in the United States
Higher education in the United States refers to a variety of institutions of higher education. Strong research and funding have helped make American colleges and universities among the world's most prestigious, which is particularly attractive to international students, professors and researchers in the pursuit of academic excellence. Public universities, private universities, liberal arts colleges, and community colleges all have a significant role in higher education in the United States. There are 103 US universities in the World Top 200.
According to UNESCO the US has the second largest number of higher education institutions in the world, and the highest number of higher education students in the world.
The American university system, like the primary and secondary education system, is largely decentralized, in large part because the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution reserves all powers not granted to the federal government or explicitly denied to the U.S. states "for the States respectively, or to the people." Such a degree of autonomy in higher education is rare.
American universities have developed independent accreditation organizations to vouch for the quality of the degrees they offer. The accreditation agencies rate universities and colleges on criteria such as academic quality—the quality of their libraries, the publishing records of their faculties, and the degrees which their faculties hold.
Colleges and universities in the U.S. vary in terms of goals: some may emphasize a vocational, business, engineering, or technical curriculum while others may emphasize a liberal arts curriculum. Many combine some or all of the above.
Two-year colleges (often but not always community colleges) usually offer the associate's degree such as an Associate of Arts (A.A.). Community colleges are often open admissions, with low tuition. Four-year colleges (which usually have a larger number of students and offer a greater range of studies than two-year colleges) offer the bachelor's degree, such as the Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) or Bachelor of Science (B.S.). These are usually primarily undergraduate institutions, although some might have limited programs at the graduate level. Many students earn an associate's degree at a two-year institution before transferring to a four-year institution for another two years to earn a bachelor's degree.
Four-year institutions in the U.S. are liberal arts colleges. These colleges traditionally emphasize interactive instruction (although research is still a component of these institutions). Most are private, although there are public liberal arts colleges. In addition, some offer experimental curricula, such as Hampshire College, Sarah Lawrence College, Grinnell College, Bennington College, New College of Florida, and Reed College.
Universities are research-oriented institutions which provide both undergraduate and graduate education. For historical reasons, some universities—such as Boston College, Dartmouth College, and the College of William & Mary—have retained the term "college," while some institutions granting few graduate degrees use the term "university." Graduate programs grant a variety of master's degrees—such as the Master of Arts (M.A.), Master of Science (M.S.), Master of Business Administration (M.B.A.), or Master of Fine Arts (M.F.A.)—in addition to doctorates such as the Ph.D.
A common practice is to refer to different units within universities as colleges or schools (what is referred to in other countries as faculties). Some colleges may be divided into departments within a larger university.
The federal government does not directly regulate universities, although it can give federal grants to them. The majority of public universities are operated by the states and territories, usually as part of a state university system. Each state supports at least one state university and several support many more. Tribal colleges operated on Indian reservations by some federally recognized tribes are also public institutions. There are historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs), both private (such as Morehouse College) and public (such as Florida A&M).
Many private universities also exist. Some of them are involved in religious education.
Tuition is charged at almost all American universities. Public universities often have much lower tuition than private universities because funds are provided by state governments and residents of the state that supports the university typically pay lower tuition than non-residents. Students often use scholarships, student loans, or grants, rather than paying all tuition out-of-pocket. Several states offer scholarships that allow students to attend free of tuition or at lesser cost.
Students can apply to some colleges using the Common Application. There is no limit to the number of colleges or universities to which a student may apply, though an application must be submitted for each.
The most famous US Universities are Harvard University, Princeton University, Yale University, and Stanford University.
V. Answer the questions for discussion:
1. Do American children finish school with or without exams?
2. What opportunities for higher education do the American school leavers have?
3. Do the University students have to pay very much for their education?
4. What are the shortcomings of the US system of education?
5. Are the most talented students from poor families given grants in the USA?
VI. Make your plan to retell the text.
UNIT 2
YOUTH PROBLEMS
PART 1
Family Relations
Vocabulary work
I. Write the comparative and superlative of the following adjectives:
rude, late, painful, shy, clumsy, supportive, bad, impressionable, naive, lenient, grave, glorious.
II. Give the Russian equivalents to the following words and phrases:
1. from generation to generation,
2. no longer children nor yet teenagers,
3. a fearful hurry to grow up,
4. the vagaries of love on TV serials,
5. an insatiable desire,
6. being raised by single-parent families,
7. creates behaviour problems,
8. the most painful part of childhood,
9. a complete lack of self-confidence,
10. overconscious of their appearance,
11. rebel violently against parental authority,
12. teenagers with sympathetic and supportive parents,
13. think of life-long goals,
14. to be entertained every waking moment,
15. is becoming more and more stratified,
16. brand-new cars,
17. on the part of children whose parents are poor,
18. inhibits their emotional development,
19. such a harsh world,
20. let them find out about life for themselves,
21. to develop their own idea of right and wrong,
22. a grave mistake,
23. to live in the present rather than in the past or future.
III. Read the text and get ready to speak about the problems of teenagers:
Дата добавления: 2015-10-26; просмотров: 205 | Нарушение авторских прав
| <== предыдущая страница | | | следующая страница ==> |
| IV. Take part in the discussion. | | | II. Read what they both say about their friendship and find out if you were right. |