Table A Table B

wordprocessor   mailmerge   tab (key)   package (software)   download   icon   upgrade   simulation   payroll package

an application program or collection of programs that can be used in different ways to copy a file from a server to a client computer in a network a small picture used in a WIMP system to re­present a program folder or file or performance of a system a change that improves the features a type of computer application program used for typing and editing text documents the computer keyboard key that is used to move the cursor to the next tabulation point in a wordprocessor program so that data can be spaced evenly on the screen a wordprocessing facility that causes a mailing list to be automatically combined with a standard letter to produce a separate copy of the letter addressed to each person on the mailing list a set of computer programs used for calculating pay cheques a programmed virtual environment that imitates a real or planned system

Task 5. Mark the following as True or False.

1. The advantages of this system include: the need for a broadband network connection or a leased line. 2. Sim City is a simulation program in which the user has to develop a city by building roads and 3D (three-dimensional) buildings, setting taxes, etc. 3. Tomb Raider is a popular adventure game that appeared only in one version. 4. Applications programs are programs that allow the user to do various types of work on a computer e.g. wordprocessors, databases. 5. A set of related applications programs is referred to as database. 6. Tomb Raider is a popular office package. 7. Mailmerging is a useful feature found in most office suites. 8. The default button is the option that is selected automatically. 9. The Patient Browser Program is a type of adventure game that has appeared in various versions.

Task 6. Complete the gaps in these instructions for finding the records of all members of the Green family living in postcode WX14 3PH and registered with any doctor in the practice.

1. First enter the search criteria by.... 2. To..., enter Green in the Surname box. 3. Ensure both male and female members of the family are found by.... 4.... select the Address tab. 5. Having..., enter the postcode. 6.... choose the Registration tab. 7. Once..., select All doctors. 8...., click on Find to....

Task 7. State the type of the conditional sentences and translate them.

1. If there was a power cut while you were using your computer, you might lose data. 2. If you install a faster processor, your computer can process data faster. 3. If you don’t virus-check floppies, you can get a virus. 4. If you forgot your password, you would not be able to access your computer. 5. If you press the delete key, it will delete the character to the right of the cursor. 6. Were there no computers, we would not be able to do much of what we are capable to do today. 7. If you had installed a modem, you would have been able to connect to a telephone line. 8. If you added more memory, it would speed up the computer. 9. Had you used an LCD display, you would have had more space at your desk. 10. If you forget to save regularly, you may lose data. 11. If you had used a search engine, you might have found information on the Web more quickly. 12. If you forgot your password, you would not be able to access your computer. 13. If you had pressed Print Screen, you could have made a copy of the screen. 14. If you press Ctrl+Alt+Del in Windows 98, it will display a list of active programs. 15. If there were no other folders, you wouldn’t have a letter box in there.

Task 8. Open the brackets and put the verb in brackets into a suitable tense form.

1. If you had been beginner, you (to choose) a free ISP, but you are not. 2. If you need to access your email from any computer, web-based email (to be) a good idea. 3. If you (to include) a site map, it would help visitors to navigate your site. 4. If I had time, I (to like) to build in new links. 5. If I (have to make) a choice, I would look at the other sites too for good reasons. 6. If Peter (to have) a computer, his favourite site would have been the Internet Movie Database. 7. If you click the mouse pointer on the file, it (to be highlighted). 8. You (not to save) a file until you name it. 9. It the user (to be provided) with remote access it would have saved him having to install and maintain programs. 10. If the wordprocessing program supports the use of a mouse, the cursor (to be moved) to a new position by repositioning the mouse pointer and pressing a button on the mouse. 11. If he had not given open access to PCS, he (not get) viruses. 12. If you spilt coffee on the keyboard you (may) damage it. 13. If you (to wait) until a computer reached normal room temperature, you wouldn’t have damaged the hard disk. 14. If the OK button is clicked, the copying process (to begin). 15. If I (to be) you I would look at other sites too for good ideas.

Task 9. Problem-Solving. Study these versions of OfficeSuite and which version provides the best for the following users. The versions are listed from cheapest to most expensive.

OfficeSuite Standard wordprocessor spreadsheet presentation program email PIM	OfficeSuite Small Business Edition wordprocessor spreadsheet DTP email PIM small business tools	OfficeSuite Professional wordprocessor spreadsheet database DTP presentation program email small business tools
	OfficeSuite Premium wordprocessor spreadsheet database DTP presentation program email PIM small business tools website editor image editor	OfficeSuite Developer wordprocessor spreadsheet database DTP presentation program email PIM small business tools website editor image editor developer tools

1. A salesperson who wants to make presentations at conferences. 2. An administrative assistant who needs to write office correspondence and send and receive emails. 3. A programmer who wants to develop applications tailo­red to a company's needs. 4. A company wanting to produce its own in-house newsletter. 5. A company wishing to develop its own website. 6. A company which wants to analyse all its sales records. 7. A promotions person who wants to be able to edit complex graphics and incorporate them in brochures. 8. A company which wants to share documents on a local area network.

Task 10. Translate into English.

Прикладные программы.

1. Для нас наиболее важны как раз программы созидательные, предназначенные для создания и обработки информации, короче говоря – Прикладные программы. 2. Офисные программы – это те самые программы, ради которых большинство пользователей и приобретает компьютер (за исключением, пожалуй, разве что фанатов компьютерных игр). 3.Задача этих программ – создание и редактирование документов, будь то текст, электронная таблица, изображение или их совокупность, а иногда – даже звук и видео, еще недавно проходившие по разряду компьютерной экзотики... 4. Однако основой офисной информации все-таки остается текст, а изображения, звук и уж тем более видео считаются второстепенными элементами. 5. Вот почему профессиональные программы для обработки этих видов информации и выделяют в особую группу. 6. Когда-то давно программы, входящие в офисные пакеты, «жили» поодиночке: редактор текстов – отдельно, электронная таблица – отдельно, и так далее. 7. Но сегодня отдельных программ этого класса на рынке почти не осталось – куда чаще продаются «полные наборы», включающие все, что вам нужно. И даже больше. 8. Например, самый популярный офисный пакет Microsoft Office состоит из текстового редактора Microsoft Word, электронной таблицы Microsoft Excel, программы для подготовки презентаций Microsoft PowerPoint, программы управления базами данных Microsoft Access и ряда вспомогательных программ поменьше. 9. Особняком стоят финансовые и бухгалтерские программы. 10. Домашняя бухгалтерия сегодня пока что не стала у нас модной, но это только вопрос времени! 11. На Западе программы планирования расходов, учета семейных финансов и расчета налогов всегда были в числе самых популярных. 12. В этой же группе – электронные таблицы и вспомогательные финансовые утилиты.

Task 11. Writing. Give your recommendations for one of the users.

a museum

publishers of a subscription-only magazine

police headquarters

Give reasons for each applications program you recommend.

Make use of the following words and word combinations in the box.

database, to catalogue items, to be accessed by, spreadsheet for, wordprocessing for, programs to monitor, DTP, mailmerging for addressing correspondence, subscribers, graphics package, specialist package, specialist graphics, package for producing photo fits

Task 12. Topics for discussion.

Applications programs, their aims and functions.

Speak on the Patient Browser program.

What popular adventure games do you know?

What kind of program is Sim City? Describe it.

ASP and its functions.

Advantages and disadvantages of ASP.

Task 13. Read the text below to find the answers to the following questions.

1. How do you pay for the applications provided by an ASP? (a. no charge; b. charged according to use; c. single payment) 2. What two main services does an ASP provide? 3. How does an ASP ensure that they have enough storage space for the changing needs of customers? 4. What types of applications are available from ASPs? 5. Why types of applications are available from ASPs? 6. What is one of the best established areas of ASP use?

Text B. APPLICATION SERVICE PROVIDERS

If your hard disk is packed to bursting point, the IT department is far too busy to fix your email problems, and your business can't afford to buy the tools that you'd like to develop the company website, then it's time to think about using an application service provider (ASP). Rather than installing software on each machine or server within your organisation, you rent applications from the ASP, which provides remote access to the software and manages the hardware required to run the applications.

There are a lot of advantages to this approach. The havoc caused by viruses makes the idea of outsourcing your email and office suite services an attractive option. It also gives you more flexibility - you pay for applications as and when you need them, rather than investing in a lot of costly software which you're then tied to for years. Not having to worry about upgrading to the latest version of your office suite or about battling with the complexities of managing an email system, leaves businesses with more time. Time to focus on what they do best.

However, there are some potential pitfalls. To use applications remotely requires a lot of bandwidth, which is only really available from a broadband connection or a leased line to the ASP itself. It is also important to ensure that the ASP will be able to provide a secure, reliable service which will be available whenever you need it.

Providing applications and storage space for vast numbers of users requires some powerful technology on the part of the ASP. This includes security controls and data storage as well as providing the physical links to customers. For the most part, ASPs don't own the data centres that store the information. Instead, they lease space from data storage specialists. In this way, they can be confident of meeting customers' increasing storage requirements by buying more space as it's needed.

There's a wide variety of applications available for use via ASPs. Office suite applications and email services are two of the most generic applications available through ASPs. large, complex business applications such as enterprise resource planning tools like SAP are another popular candidate for delivery through an ASP. Other business services, such as payroll and accounting systems are also available. This is particularly beneficial to small businesses which are likely to grow quickly and don't want to deal with the problems caused by outgrowing their existing system and having to move to a high-end package. ASPs also offer a means of using specialist tools that would otherwise prove prohibitively expensive. Small businesses have the opportunity to use such tools for short periods of time as and when they need them, rather than having to buy the software as a permanent investment.

One of the major barriers for small businesses which want to make a start in e-commerce is ensuring that they have sufficient resources to cope with sudden large increases in customers. This means not only having adequate storage for all your customers' details, but ensuring that you have the technology in place to handle stock levels, efficient delivery and large volumes of traffic. It's very rare for an e-commerce business to handle all of these elements by itself, making this one of the best-established areas of ASP use. Being able to respond rapidly to changes in the size of your customer base and the type of product that they wont to order from your business, demands more flexibility than traditional software can provide.

Task 14. Using information from the text, mark the following as True or False.

1. Software from an ASP must be installed locally on a user's computer. 2. You need a high bandwidth connection to use an ASP service. ASPs usually use their own storage space for customers. 3. Using an ASP gives you more flexibility. 4. An e-commerce business usually provides all of the required technology itself.

Unit 6

Pre-reading activity

Read and learn the basic vocabulary terms.

Multimedia (n) ["mAlti'mJdIq] комбинация текста, графического изображения, звука и видеоизображения

Graphics (n) ['grxfIks] графическое изображение

Animation (n) ['xnI'meISn] оживление

compress (v) [kqm'pres] уплотнять, сжимать, сверстывать

sample (v, n) ['sxmpl] (v) производить выборку; замерять;

(n) проба, образец

tag (n) [txg] тег, признак (хранящийся вместе со словом в ЗУ)

compilation (n) [ " kompI'leISn] трансляция, компиляция

randomize (v) ['rxndqmaiz] вносить элемент случайности, располагать

в случайном порядке

equalizer (n) ['IkwqlaIzq] стабилизирующее звено, уравнитель,

компенсатор

skin (n) [skIn] компьютерная программа, которая

используется для изменения интерфейса другой программы

ripper (n) [rIpq(r)] программа, которая извлекает песни с CD и преобразует их в файлы звукового формата

encoder (n) [en'kqude(r)] компьютерная программа, которая преобразует файлы звукового формата в MP3 файлы и наоборот

interface (n) ['IntqfeIs] интерфейс, устройство сопряжения

versatile (adj) ['vqsqtaIl] разносторонний (пригодный к выполнению

различных логических операций); гибкий в эксплуатации

discrete (adj) [dis'krit] дискретный (сигнал, компонент)

strip (v) [strip] удалять

mask (v, n) ['ma:sk] маска, маскировать

Read and memorise the following word combinations.

MP3 метод сжатия аудиозаписей для ускорения их передачи через Интернет

WAV разновидность звукового файла

URL унифицированный указатель информационного ресурса; универсальный локатор ресурса

digital audio цифровые аудиоданные

sound sample звуковой образец

audio file аудиофайл

extra code экстракодовый

play lists списки для воспроизведения

spectrum analyzer анализатор спектра

graphic equalizer графический эквалайзер

frequency display отображение частоты

track info button кнопка информации по дорожкам

a writable CD-ROM дисковод перезаписываемого CD-ROM drive

MIDI цифровой интерфейс для передачи музыки

mixing desk пульт микширования

DVD универсальный цифровой диск

optical storage media носитель оптической памяти

data transfer rate скорость передачи данных

MPEG формат хранения сжатого до 1:200 файла;

открытый (бесплатный) стандарт на сжатие и воспроизведение движущихся изображений

Reading activity

Text A. MULTIMEDIA

Multimedia is the term used to refer to a combination of text, graphics, animation, sound and video.

MP3 (MPEG Audio Layer 3) is a standard way of storing compressed, digital audio files (usually music). The name MP3 comes from MPEG (pronounced EM-peg), which stands for the Motion Picture Experts Group. MPEG develops standards for audio and video compression. MP3 is actually MPEG Audio Layer 3.

MP3 competes with another audio file format called WAV. The key difference is that MP3 files are much smaller than WAV files. An MP3 file can store a minute of sound per megabyte, while a WAV file needs 11 or 12 megabytes to hold the same amount. How does MP3 achieve this compression? CDs and audio files don't reproduce every sound of a performance. Instead, they sample the performance and store a discrete code for each sampled note. A CD or WAV file may sample a song 44,000 times a second, creating a huge mass of information.

By stripping out sounds most people can't hear, MP3 significantly reduces the information stored. For instance, most people can't hear notes above a frequency of 16kHz, so it eliminates them from the mix. Similarly, it eliminates quiet sounds masked by noise at the same frequency. The result is a file that sounds very similar to a CD, but which is much smaller. An MP3 file can contain spoken word performances, such as radio shows or audio books, as well as music. It can provide information about itself in a coded block called a tag. The tag may include the performer's name, a graphic such as an album cover, the song's lyrics, the musical genre, and a URL for more details.

Digital audio is created by sampling sound 44,000 times a second and storing a code number to represent each sound sample. The files are compressed by removing any sounds that are inaudible to the human ear, making them much smaller than files created using other digital audio storage standards, such as WAV. The size of an audio file is commonly measured in megabytes (MB) (millions of bytes). The frequency of a sound is measured in kilohertz (kHz) (thousands of cycles per second). MP3 files have extra code added, called tags, that give the user information about the file e.g. the performer's name, a URL (uniform resource locator i.e. a web address) or a graphic such as an album cover.

Because of their small size, MP3 files are more suitable for transferring across the Internet (the connection of computer networks across the world). Some Internet websites (sets of related pages stored on a Web server on the World Wide Web) are devoted to providing MP3 files for downloading (copying from a server computer to a client computer). The user can create their own music compilations (combinations of files) by listening to each file using a computer program, such as Windows Media Player, and choosing what files to download, They can then use a computer program called an MP3 player to listen to the files and control the sound. MP3 players let the user group songs into play lists and randomize the selections. They also have sound control features such as spectrum analyzers, graphic equalizers, and frequency displays. A track info button allows the user to see the information stored in the MP3 file tag. Other buttons may take you to a music library where you can organize your MP3 files by performer or genre. The appearance of MP3 players can be changed using programs called skins ( or themes). These programs are designed to change the appearance of the most popular players. MP3 players often include a program, called a ripper, that lets the user rip (extract) a song from a CD (compact disk) and convert it to a standard WAV file. Another program called an encoder is used to convert WAV files into MP3 files or vice versa. Recorder programs are also available that enable the user to create audio CDs using a writable CD-ROM drive. Special MP3 player devices are also available that enable the user to listen to MP3 files without a computer.

MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) is a standard way of connecting musical instruments, music synthesizers, and computers. A piece of electronics called a MIDI interface board is installed on each device to enable the device to communicate using MIDI standards. As music is being played, it can be displayed on a monitor screen as a musical score, then edited using a computer program that uses all the features of a mixing desk (an electronic device for mixing sounds together), stored and printed. MIDI systems do not store the actual sound. Instead the sound is encoded (stored as MIDI messages) in the form of 8-bit bytes (units of capacity equal to eight binary digits i.e. 1s and Os) of digital information. A bit is a binary digit i.e. a 1 or a 0, and a byte is a group of 8 bits. The MIDI messages commonly consist of instructions that tell the receiving instrument what note to play, how long and how loud it should be played, including a number that indicates which instrument to play. Each instrument is represented by a different number e.g. 67 is a saxophone.

A DVD-ROM, commonly referred to as a DVD (digital versatile disk - previously known as digital video disk), is a development of CD-ROM (compact disk read only memory). It is an optical storage media (a storage media that uses laser light to store data) that provides large amounts of storage space for multimedia files. A DVD-ROM drive (a storage device for reading DVD disks) uses blue laser light (rather than the red laser light used by CD-ROM drives) to read information from the disk. Both sides of the disk can be used for storing files and each side can have two separate storage layers. The data transfer rate of a DVD (the speed that data can be read from a DVD) is also faster than that of a CD-ROM. The capacity of a DVD is commonly measured in gigabytes (GB) (thousands of millions of bytes).

MPEG is a method of compressing and decompressing video signals. MPEG stands for Motion Picture Experts Group, an organisation that develops standards for audio and video compression.

Post-reading activity

Task 1. Answer the following questions.

1. What does the term “multimedia” mean? 2. What does MP3 stand for? 3. What is the difference between MP3 and WAV files? 4. What kind of sound does MP3 strip out? 5. What kind of information is included in the tag? 6. Why are MP3 files more suitable for transferring across the Internet? 7. What is downloading? 8. How can the user see the information stored in the MP3 file tag? 9. How can the appearance of MP3 player be changed? 10. Is it possible to listen to MP3 files without a computer? 11. What is MIDI? 12. What is a DVD-ROM?

Task 2. Match the words from the box with their definitions.

MIDI, MPEG, ripper, skin, down load, MP3, URL, multimedia, tag, DVD-(ROM)

a uniform (or universal) resource locator

acronym for musical instrument digital interface. A standard for connecting musical instruments to computer systems.

a Motion Picture Experts Group standard for audio compression

Motion Picture Experts Group, a committee that develops standards for audio and video file formats and compression

the combination of text, graphics animation, sound and video

a program that extracts songs from a CD and turns them into WAV files

a computer program that is used to change the interface of another program, e.g. to change the screen display on a MP3 player program

a label used in a mark up language. It is attached to a piece of text to mark the start or the end of a particular function.

a process of copying a file from a server to a client computer in a network

a digital versatile disk read only memory. An optical disk storage device that can hold a large amount of video data.

Task 3. Find the English equivalents for the following Russian word combinations.

1.стандартный способ запоминания (хранения); 2.сжатые цифровые звуковые файлы; 3.основное различие; 4.минута звучания; 5.замерять характеристики; 6.дискретный код; 7.группировать записи песен; 8.найти песню на диске; 9.делать выборку из сборников; 10. пульт микширо­вания; 11. метод расширения сигнала до обычного размера

a. compressed digital audio files; b. discrete code; c. a standard way of storing; d. to group songs; e. to randomize the selections; f. the key difference; g. to sample the performance; h. to rip a song from a CD; i. a minute of sound; j. mixing desk; k. a method of decompressing video signals

Task 4. Mark the following as True or False.

1. MP3 reduces the information stored by removing loud sounds. 2. It is possible to alter the look of your MP3 player by downloading a skin program. 3. You can “rip” audio information from a CD by using a recorder program. 4. One can convert a WAV file to MP3 format by using an encoder. 5. You can view the lyrics, notes and author data by clicking on Track Info. 6. MIDI systems store the actual sound.

Task 5. Match each cause and effect, then link them with an-ing clause.

Model: 1) Using MIDI, computers can communicate with synthesizers.

2) A WAV file may sample a song 44.000 times a second, creating a huge mass of information.

Cause

Effect

1. Computers with MIDI interface boards can be connected to MIDI instruments. 2. Each side of a DVD can have two layers. 3. MP3 removes sounds we can't hear. 4. You can download single tracks. 5. Each MP3 file has a tag. 6. MP3 players contain several devices. 7. You can download a skin program. 8. You can legally download some music.

a) This permits extra information to be stored on the performer and other track details. b) You can create your own compilation. c) This allows you to sample a new group before buying their CD. d) This gives an enormous storage capacity. e) This allows the music being played to be stored by the computer and displayed on the monitor. f) This enables you to change the appearance of your player. g) These allow you to control the way the music sounds. h) This produces much smaller files.

Task 6. Complete each gap in this text with a suitable word from this list.

brains

second

MP3

hear

digital

sounds

sampling

format

CDs

smaller

per

inaudible

file

WAV

minute

frequency

compressing

sound

removed

megabytes

MP3 is a set of standards for... (1) and storing... (2) audio and video. Whereas CDs and... (3) files require about 11 MB for one minute of sound,... (4) files give you the same... (5) quality in a... (6) which requires only about

1 MB for each... (7) so a single track takes only three to five... (8).

Computers store sound as digital information. They do this by... (9) – taking a sample of the sound thousands of times... (10) second.... (11) store information in a format called CD-DA. This samples 44.000 times per... (12) and is broadly similar to WAV.

MP3 files depend on the fact that our... (13) do not detect all... (14). An MP3 encoder removes from a WAV... (15) all but the parts we don’t... (16). Sounds above 16 kHz are... (17) for the most people so these can be... (18). Quieter sounds masked by loud sounds of a similar... (19) are also removed. The result is an MP3 file which is much... (20) than the WAV original.

Task 7. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the use of the Gerund.

1. One of the problems in dealing with computer-controlled sound and graphics is that the related files require extremely large amounts of storage. 2. Storing graphics, sound and video files on a high-capacity device such as compact disc (CD) is the solution to the problem. 3. These devices store information by etching the encoded data into the same kind of plastic disk used to store and play back popular music. 4. With the emergence of more realistic computer graphics, many people have found the computer’s monitor to be a limited output device for displaying them. 5. Early computers were seen primarily for storing and displaying information in the form of numbers and text. 6. After printing or displaying the graph you can see the advantages of the new device. 7. Using computer greatly reduces the amount of time it takes to create presentations that use many different forms of information. 8. They succeeded in making a number of multimedia applications. 9. Today, special devices have means of storing video images in digital form on a computer’s magnetic media as computer graphics. 10. By rapidly delivering these digital graphics images to the computer screen one after the other we can simulate the kind of video images we see on our television set. 11. Today software companies are busy creating programmes to manage multimedia resources. 12. We insisted on their developing the programs which vary considerably in design, but are all capable of incorporating text, graphics, sound and video into one program. 13. The difficulty was providing special software for dealing with external devices such as CD-ROM drives and videodisc drives and for incorporation of digital video.

Task 8. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Одним из методов сокращения объема, занимаемых музыкой, явля­ется MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface). 2. Файлы в формате MIDIобычно содержат инструкции типа: «сыграть на таком-то инстру­менте такую-то ноту в течение такого-то количества секунд». 3. В ре­зультате MIDI-файлы занимают незначительный объем. 4. Тем не менее сам характер представления звуков не мог полностью удовлетворить как пользователей, так и разработчиков. 5. Требовалось принципиально новое решение. MIDI- это скорее не метод записи звука, а способ записи команд, посылаемых музыкальным инструментам. 6. МIDI-файл (обыч­но это файл с расширением MID) содержит ссылки на ноты, а не запись музыки как таковой. 7. Когда МIDI-совместимая звуковая карта получа­ет МIDI-файл, карта ищет необходимые звуки в таблице через эти ссылки. 8. Определенный инструмент соответствует конкретной ссылке. 9. Так, например, большой барабан определен цифрой 55. 10. Когда звуковая карта находит ссылку под номером 55, она выдает звук боль­шого барабана. 11. Образцы хранятся на диске и загружаются в процессе воспроизведения звуковых сигналов. 12. Кроме того, существует возможность для изменения звучания инструментов, а также замены их.

Task 9. Topics for discussion.

Multimedia programs bring a variety of media resources under the control of the computer. Describe the different types of media that are now being used in multimedia programs.

What is digital audio? How is it used?

Many experts believe that multimedia will play an important role in future. Describe how multimedia may be used in different spheres of human life.

Task 10. Read Text B and find answers to the following questions.

1. Is it possible to bring information in the form of graphics, sound and video under computer control? 2. Is there any difference between the videodisk player and compact disk player? 3. Why are multimedia authoring systems widely used to manage the presentation of information? 4. Explain the term ‘virtual reality’?

Text B. NEW APPLICATIONS OF THE COMPUTER

Among the most exciting new applications of the computer is the ability to bring together information that exists in a variety of forms. New computer tools, often using combinations of hardware and software, are now providing better ways to bring together information that is stored on other media in the form of graphics, sound, and video. These new programs, known collectively as multimedia applications, bring the other media sources under computer control.

Дата добавления: 2015-10-26