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| word | description | |
| composition | could be just 50-100 words, often used to refer to children’ work | |
| essay | longer than a composition, more serious, hundreds or even thousands of words | |
| assignment | a long essay, often part of a course, usually thousands of words | |
| project | like an assignment, but emphasis is on student’s own material and topic | |
| portfolio | a collection of individual pieces of work, not necessarily written | |
| dissertation | a long, research-based work, perhaps 10-15,000 words, for a degree or diploma | |
| thesis | a very long, original, research-based work, perhaps 80-100,000 words, for a higher degree (e.g. PhD) |
mind-map, first draft, to write up, plagiarism, deadline, to submit, to assess, to get feedback,
b) What do you do? Job
What do you do? I'm (+ job) e.g. a banker / an engineer / a teacher / a builder
What's your job? I work in (+ place or general area) e.g. a bank / marketing
What do you do for a living? I work for (+ name of company) e.g. Union Bank,
ICI, Fiat
Note: ‘Work’ is usually an uncountable noun, so you cannot say ‘a work’. If you want to use the indefinite article you must say ‘a job’, e.g. She hasn't got a job at the moment.
Career:
calling (for science, for painting), CV (curriculum vita), resume, personal connections, smth. appeals to smb., trainee/ apprentice, application, job interview, job opportunity, vacancy/ opening, promotion, reference/ recommendation letter, requirement, to reach/ to hit a glass ceiling, rewarding career, lucrative career, steady job, well-paid job, motivated and eager (person), dynamic and fast moving (industry/profession), to seek a career in (an industry)/ to look to work in an industry, ambitious, achiever, to have a talent and drive (to do smth.), to fit, self-employed, to do business, to be in business, probation period, internship, database of jobs;
Professions (=occupations, especially those requiring advanced education and special training):
lawyer, dentist, psychotherapist, architect, vet, librarian, child-minder, accountant, engineer, scientist, economist, interpreter, office clerk, financier, tax inspector, banker, baby-sitter, pilot, secretary, teacher, translator, presenter, host (on radio or TV), PR-officer, reporter;
Trade (=occupation, way of making a living, especially handicraft):
hairdresser, mechanic, priest, farmer, physiotherapist, police officer, firefighter, civil servant, tailor/ dressmaker, designer, builder, carpenter, plumber, fitter, turner, baker, carpenter, farmer, salesperson, security guard, waiter, lawn-mower, sewing-machine operator, personal assistant, filing clerk;
Staff:
boss, executive, director, president, vice president, manager, administrator, head of department, clerk, subordinate, receptionist, public relation (PR) manager, security officer, safety officer, union representative/official, personnel officer, sales assistant, education officer, supervisor, in-house staff, freelancer, employer, employee, economist, assistant, adviser, research-worker, supervisor, back officer;
Verbs:
to get/find a job, to appoint smb./ director/ principal, to appoint smb. to a position/ job/ post, to recruit/ do the head-hunting, to do for a living, to get promotion/ to be promoted/ to get a higher position, to work smb.’s way up the career ladder, to take on extra work/ responsibility, to work as (a teacher), to work full-time (part-time), to train for a job, to make/ to earn/ to get a living, to work in shifts/ to do shift work, to be on flexi-time, to discharge/ to fire/ to sack, to get the sack/ to be fired/ to be sacked/ to be terminated/ to be dismissed (informal), to be made redundant, to be laid off, to be offered an early retirement, to give up work/ to resign, to retire, to be on/ to take maternity (woman) or paternity (man) leave, to be on/ to take sick leave, to take early retirement, to be a workaholic, to apply for a job, to fill in forms, to join a firm, to operate machinery, to work nine-to-five, to go/ be on strike;
Main responsibilities:
What do you do in your job? What does that involve?
main responsibilities/ main duties, daily routine, to hold a position (= have a position): Thorn holds one of the most senior positions in the Federal Bank.
senior (adj only before noun) (= someone who has a high position): senior manager;
top manager (lawyer, executive, etc) (= someone who has one of the most powerful jobs in business, or one of the most important jobs in a profession): The President met with top Korean businessmen. There are still not many women in top jobs.
high ranking officer/ official/ member, etc. (= someone who has a high position in an organization like the army or police, or in a government department, but not in business): a high-ranking officer in the air force, a high-ranking State Department official;
junior (adj only before noun) (= someone who has a lower position than someone else): junior reporter, junior officer.
assistant manager (editor, director, etc.) (= someone whose job is just below the position of a manager, etc): My mother is an assistant principal at a school in Washington.
I'm in charge of (= responsible for part of something)all deliveries out of the factory.
I have to deal with any complaints (= take all necessary action if there are complaints).
I run the coffee bar and restaurant in the museum (= I am in control of something/ I manage it).
Daily duties/routines:
I have to go to/ attend (formal) a lot of meetings.
I visit/ see/ meet clients. I advise clients (= give them help and my opinion).
It involves doing quite a lot of paperwork (a general word we use for routine work that involves paper e.g. writing letters, filling in forms, etc.).
How important is job satisfaction to you?
Pay:
salary (=paid every month and goes directly into their bank account), wages (=paid weekly and directly to the employee),to earn, holiday pay, sick pay, income, perks (informal) / fringe benefits/ (extra) benefits (formal) (= extra things apart from salary), salary increments/ pay rise, incentives, basic, compensation, fee, honorarium, unemployment benefit, bonus, to be on the dole, sickness benefit;
Working conditions:
to go to work, to be at work, a nine-to-five job, regular working hours, unsociable hours, to work flexi-time/ to be on flexi-time, to do shift-work, to work nights (days), to be shift-worker, to work overtime, working condition, holiday entitlement, to be overworked and underpaid, to work in close-knit teams, diverserange of clients, core hours, to clock in, to clock out, to work from home with one’s computer, to be a teleworker, to work freelance/ to be freelance, supportive environment.
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Work (uncountable) is a general word to talk about what you do every day in order to earn money: My father started work when he was 14 years old. I have to go to work.
It can also be used when there is no payment or you are not working for someone else: volunteer work.
Job is the particular kind of work that you do regularly in order to earn money, especially when you work for a company or a public organization: My first job was in a record store. She has a well-paid job in the tax department.
Don’t say “What’s your job?” or “What’s your work?” when you want to know what someone does to earn money. Say “ What do you do? ” or “ What do you do for a living?”
Occupation is a formal word for ‘job’ that is used on official forms: Please state your age, address, and occupation in the space below.
Position is a formal word for a particular job in a company, at a university, etc.: He eventually became Lord Chancellor, the most powerful position in the British legal system.
Position is also used for a job that is advertised in the newspaper or by the person who is answering the advertisement: I am writing to apply for the position of Assistant Manager.
Post is used mainly for very important jobs, especially ones in the government: a senior post at the State Department.
In informal use, the type of work you do may be called your line of work/ business: It’s not easy to get into this line of business.
A trade is a skilled work in which you make or do things with your hands: Brown is a carpenter by trade.
A profession is a type of work such as in law, medicine, or teaching, for which you need special training and education: the teaching/medical/legal profession. There are now a lot more women in the legal profession.
Some professions, such as teaching and nursing, are also called vocations, which suggests that people do them in order to help others rather than to earn a lot of money.
A career is the type of work that you do for most of your life or for a long time: She started her acting career on stage in New York.
Business (uncountable) is the work that companies do when they buy and sell goods and services: Business in Europe has been badly affected by bad economic conditions.
A business (countable) is a company, shop, or factory that sells goods or provides services, especially one that employs only a small number of people or only one person: Norm’s a gardener – he has his own business.
A company is any organization, either large or small, that produces goods or provides services in order to make a profit: The company employs over 10,000 people worldwide.
A firm is a company that provides services (often financial or legal services) rather than produces goods: law/electronics/buildings, etc. firms; firm of lawyers/ accountants, etc. Ed’s just got a job with a firm of accountants in Boston.
Ltd (BrE), Inc (AmE) are the written abbreviations of “Limited” and “Incorporated” which are used after the name of a large or small company to show that it is legally responsible for only a limited amount of money if the company gets into debts: Stevenson Securities Ltd;
Corp. is the written abbreviation of “Corporation” which is used after the name of a large company, especially in the US: Federal Express Corp.
Plc. is the abbreviation of “Public Limited Company”; it is used in Britain after the name of a large company that ordinary people can buy shares in: Marks & Spencer plc.
A level is all the job in organization that are similar in importance and that pay the same amount of money: We provide training for staff at all levels in the company.
A rank is someone’s position in an organization such as the army or police force: He joined the LA police department and was quickly promoted to the rank of the lieutenant. Don’t use rank about someone who works in a company, a school, etc.
a) vet c) plumber e) electrician g) cleaner i) lawyer
b) chef d) architect f) refuse collector h) dustman j)dressmaker
Example: bucket, ladder, leather window cleaner
a) board, overhead projector, chalk ____________
b) scalpel, mask, forceps _______________________
c) fax machine, filing cabinet, stapler _____________
d) make-up, script, microphone __________________
e) tractor, plough, barn ________________________
f) sewing machine, scissors, needle _______________
g) scissors, styling gel, hair drier __________________
h) tray, napkin, menu __________________________
i) nuts, spanner, screws ________________________
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(b) gardener a hose
(c) jockey a plane
(d) chef an axe
(e) fireman a baton
(f) lumberjack a stethoscope
(g) conductor a rolling pin
(h) blacksmith an anchor
(i) carpenter a whip
(j) photographer a spanner
(k) mechanic an exposure metre
(l) sailor an anvil
(m) violinist a scalpel
(n) window cleaner a truncheon
(o) fisherman a pneumatic drill
(p) tailor a bucket
(q) surgeon a bow
(r) usherette a tape measure
(s) policeman a net
(t) bricklayer a spade
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(a) a traffic warden (1) arranges shop window displays
(b) a dustman (2) makes brick building and walls
(c) a window dresser (3) works in a government ministry
(d) an estate agent (4) controls parking and parking meters
(e) an auctioneer (5) collects rubbish from people’s houses
(f) an undertaker (6) treats sick animals
(g) a bricklayer (7) helps people buy and sell houses
(h) a civil servant (8) tests people’s eyes and sells glasses
(i) a vet (9) delivers babies
(j) a fishmonger (10) makes arrangements for funerals
(k) a midwife (11) sells valuable objects at an auction
(l) a chef (12) drives someone’s car for them
(m) an architect (13) types letters in an office
(n) a librarian (14) designs buildings
(o) a miner (15) cooks in a restaurant or hotel
(p) a curator (16) designs the insides of houses, hotels, etc.
(q) an interior decorator (17) runs a museum
(r) a typist (18) works in a library
(s) a chauffer (19) get coal from under the ground
(t) a clown (20) sells fish from a shop
(u) an optician (21) prepares books, newspapers for publication
(v) an editor (22) represents his/ her country at an embassy
(w) a chiropodist (23) sells flowers from a shop
(x) a diplomat (24) loads and unloads ships in a port
(y) a florist (25) makes people laugh at a circus
(z) a docker (26) treats people’s feet
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1. Samantha is the assistant manager of a bank and she works from 8.30 to 5.30 every day.
2.Tracy works on the production line of a factory which makes cars. She uses a machine to spray paint onto the finished car parts.
3.Jane works for herself. She is a photographer. She works every day for about eight or nine hours.
4. Jeanette is a cleaner for a company in Birmingham, but she only works there for about three or four hours a day.
5. Claire has a powerful job in the personnel office of a large multinational company. She is responsible for employing new people and getting rid of those that the company doesn't want to employ anymore.
6. Marie works in the finance department of an international college in Oxford.
a. She is a semi-skilled blue-collar worker in a manufacturing industry.
b. She is a self-employed and works full-time. She likes to describe herself as freelance.
c. She is responsible for hiring and firing.
d. She calculates the wages, salaries, pension contributions and medical insurance contributions of all the staff.
e. She is a full-time white-collar worker in a service industry.
f. She is an unskilled part-time employee.
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(a) Most of my customers are very particular. They want wide lapels or narrow lapels, a single vent or a double vent or no vent at all, turn-ups or plain bottoms. Flared trousers are out nowadays, so are tapered. Everyone wants them straight. Some people are even fussy about the lining. Everyone wants to be trendy.
(b) When I start at 8.30, the baskets are already stacked, the trolleys are lined up near the door and the shelf-fillers have done their work. I make sure I've got a supply of carrier bags and enough change in the till and I’m ready to start.
(c) We get the latest weather briefing from the meteorologists and then we board. We say ‘hello’ to the cabin crew, do a complete cockpit check, and then wait for instructions through the headphones to start taxi-ing out to the runway.
(d) Two discharges-today, but five admissions and Mrs Crowther’s got to go to theatre this afternoon. They have their mid-morning tea at eleven, then, since it’s Tuesday, the specialist will be doing his round at half-past. And there are always relatives’ phone-calls to deal with. Next week I’m on night-shift. Excuse me, I must go and change some dressings.
(e) I picked up a fare at the station today. I was in the rank. Smartly-dressed chap. Wanted St Michael’s Church. “Going to a wedding?” I said. “Yes, and I'm late. Step on it,” he said. I did my best and as I dropped him off I said, “Doesn't look as if they’ve started yet.” “They can’t,” he said, “I’m the bridegroom.” And he didn’t give me a tip!
(f) We’re fully-dressed in our helmets and protective clothing by the time we arrive. Then we start unrolling the hoses and getting the ladders ready in case they’re needed. The worst things are hoax alarms. You can never be sure till you get there whether a call is genuine or not. Some people think it’s fun to dial 999.
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1. She submitted an application ___ the position ___ the Managing Director.
2. She filled ___ hundreds ___ jobs applications before she got the job she wanted.
3. He declines all responsibility ___ everything.
4. Tomorrow we’ll hold ___ negotiations … our customers.
5. You can always rely ___ him.
6. Tell me, how long were you in your last job ___ Alpha?
7. We need a team ___ creative persons to make our company competitive ___ the world market.
8. Well, first of all to be responsible ___ our contacts with English partners.
9. You have excellent references ___ your previous job.
10. In 1989 he was appointed ___ managing director.
11. The store always takes ___ extra sales assistants ___ the Christmas period.
12. This is the first time a woman has been appointed ___ such a senior position.
13. Our firm trades ___ farm machinery.
14. For over 30 years, the US has refused to trade ___ Cuba.
15. I’ve dealt ___ Bill Harrison for years and always found him very reliable.
16. She’ll be back next week – she’s in Korea ___ business.
17. They have been ___ business for 10 years, and are doing well.
18.
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the headmaster-to be t he so-called headmaster
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