A. Passive Voice.

1. Повторите структуру английского предложения (см. Unit II.) и сравните следующие модели:

A. S + Pr + Obj + Adv M

(Subject) (Predicate) (Object) (Adverbial

Modifier)

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓

Doer Action Sufferer Circumstances

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓

My father built this house in 1970.

В приведенном выше примере деятель (My father) выполняет действие (built) над объектом (this house). Это активный залог, который употребляется в том случае, когда подлежащее (S) в предложении обозначает деятеля, а дополнение (Obj) – объект действия.

B. S + Pr + Obj + Adv M

(Subject) (Predicate) (Object) (Adverbial

Modifier)

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓

Sufferer Action Doer Circumstances

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓

This house was built by my father in 1970.

В речи возникают такие ситуации, когда говорящему не важно, кем выполнено действие (деятель) или нет необходимости его упоминать.

На логическом уровне в предложении оказывается более важным само действие или обстоятельства, в которых оно совершалось. В приведенном выше примере логически выделяется информация о времени построения дома (in 1970).

Перемещение логической информации на обстоятельство времени приводит к смене формы сказуемого (was built). Это – пассивный или страдательный залог (Passive Voice), который употребляется, когда подлежащие в предложении (S) обозначает объект действия (Sufferer). Если нам все-таки необходимо указать кем действие выполнено, употребляется предлог “by” перед дополнением.

E.g. The house is old. It was built in 1930.

Two hundred people are employed by the company.

2. Из предыдущего пункта следует, что пассивный залог может употребляться только с переходными глаголами (transitive verbs), т.е. с глаголами, которые могут иметь прямое дополнение: to read smth., to see smb. or smth., to write smth., to clean smth., etc.

Формы пассивного глагола образуются следующим образом:

To be + V3, где to be - вспомогательный глагол, употребляемый в нужной форме (am, are, is, was, were, will be, shall be), V3 – третья форма основного глагола, т.е. причастие II.

Таблица форм глагола в пассивном залоге представлена ниже. Обратите внимание на тот факт, что все грамматические категории, характерные глаголу в активном залоге, имеют место и в пассивном залоге, т.е. глагол в пассивном залоге может обозначать простые, длительные или завершенные (совершенные ранее) действия в настоящем, прошедшем и будущем.

Passive Voice (to be + V3).

	Simple	Continuous	Perfect
Present	Am cleaned Is Are written	Am being cleaned Is being Are being written	Have been cleaned Has been written
Past	Was cleaned   Were written	Was being cleaned   Were being written	Had been cleaned, written
Future	Will be cleaned   Shall be written	___________________	Will have been cleaned   Shall have been written

Note 1. Форма Future Continuous заменяется в пассивном залоге формой Future Simple, а формы Future Perfect Continuous – формами Future Perfect.

E.g. When we move to a new district, the supermarket there will still be built

By that time it will have been built for 18 month.

Note 2. Некоторые глаголы (to give, to offer, to write, etc.) могут иметь два дополнения. В этом случае возможны два типа пассивных конструкций.

E.g. We gave the police some information. (Active Voice)

The police were given some information. (Passive Voice)

Some information was given to the police. (Passive Voice)

Выбор пассивной конструкции зависит от логического центра высказывания (см. Unit II). Логическое ударение падает на последнее слово в предложении. Перевод на русский язык будет различным.

The police were given the information. – Полиции предоставили информацию.

The information was given to the police. – Информацию передали в полицию.

Note 3. Вопросительные и отрицательные предложения в пассивном залоге образуются с помощью глагола “to be” (входящего в состав самой формы пассивного залога) по общим правилам образования вопросов.

Training Exercises

Ex 1. Change active forms to passive in the following sentences. Do not change the tense forms.

1. The milkman brings the milk to my door, but the postman leaves the letter in the hall.

2. In future, perhaps, they won’t bring letters to the houses, and we shall have to collect them from the Post Office.

3. People steal things from supermarkets every day.

4. Normally men sweep this street every day, but nobody swept it last week.

5. Someone turned on the light in the hall and opened the door.

6. Women clean this office in the evening, when the staff have left, they clean the upstairs offices between seven and eight in the morning.

7. We never saw him in the dining-room.

8. They are repairing my piano at the moment.

9. Has anyone posted my parcel?

10. We have sold all our copies but we have ordered more.

11. They will do this work in time, they promised to.

12. They will have done this work by the 1^st of September, they promised.

13. I couldn’t give him a lift. They were repairing my car at the moment.

14. This tour is very expensive. You will spend a lot of money.

Ex 2. Put the verbs into the correct form, Present Simple or Past Simple, Active or Passive.

1. It’s a big factory. Five hundred people …are employed … (employ) there.

2. Water …… (cover) most of the Earth’s surface.

3. Most of the Earth’s surface …… (cover) by water.

4. The park gates …… (lock) at 6:30 p.m. every evening.

5. The letter …… (post) a week ago and it …… (arrive) yesterday.

6. The boat …… (sink) quickly but fortunately everybody …… (rescue).

7. Ron’s parents …… (die) when he was very young. He and his sister …… (bring) up by their grandparents.

8. I was born in London but I …… (grow) up in the north of England.

9. While I was on holiday, my camera …… (steal) from my hotel room.

10. While I was on holiday, my camera …… (disappear) from my hotel room.

11. Why …… (Sue/resign) from her job? Didn’t she enjoy it?

12. Why …… (Bill/sack) from his job? What did he do wrong?

13. The company is not independent. It …… (own) by a much larger company.

14. I saw an accident last night. Somebody …… (call) an ambulance but nobody …… (injure) so the ambulance …… (not/need).

15. Where …… (these photographs/take)? In London? …… (you/take) them?

Ex 3. Make sentences from the words in brackets. Sometimes the verb is active, sometimes passive.

1. There’s somebody behind us. (I think/we/follow) … I think we’re being followed.

2. This room looks different. (you/paint)? … Have you painted it?

3. My car has disappeared. (it/steal)! It …….

4. My umbrella has disappeared. (somebody/take) Somebody …….

5. Tom gets a higher salary now. (he/promote) …….

6. Ann can’t use her office at the moment. (it/redecorate) …….

7. The photocopier broke down yesterday, but now it’s OK. (it/work/again; it/repair) ……..

8. The police have found the people they were looking for. (two people/arrest/last night) …….

9. A tree was lying across the road. (it/blow down/in the storm) …….

10. The man next door disappeared six months ago. (nobody/see/since then) …….

11. I was mugged on my way home a few nights ago. (you/ever/mug) ……?

Ex 4. Open the brackets using the verbs in the Future Simple and the Future Perfect of the Passive. Add suitable adverbial phrases or clauses.

Model:

The article (to be read) aloud.

The article will be read aloud at the next lesson.

The article will have been read aloud before it is discussed.

1. The luggage (to be packed).

2. The torn trousers (to be patched).

3. The vegetables (to be prepared).

4. The fish (to be stuffed).

5. The fruit (to be stewed).

6. The dough (to be kneaded).

Ex 5. Put the verbs in the correct form.

1. I’ve collected all the documents that …… (need) for the house sale. Can you take them to the lawyer’s office to ……(sign)?

2. Look here, this is a secret. Come into the garden where we ……(not / overhear).

3. If you hadn’t been so late for work, you ……(sack).

4. This office is very inefficient. The telephone ……(never / answer) promptly, no proper records ……(keep), and, worst of all, no reports ……(written) for weeks.

5. I was so worried about my garden while I was in hospital, but I have very good neighbours. When I got home I could see that the vegetables ……(water) every day and grass ……(cut) regularly.

6. Can you come to the police station? The man who ……(suspect) of stealing your wallet …… (arrest), and …… (question) at the moment. The police hope he ……(identify), either by you or another witness.

7. We had hoped to see several famous paintings, but the gallery ……(re-organized) at the time of our visit and most of the really valuable works ……(move) for safe keeping.

Ex 6. Put the verbs into a suitable tense in the Passive.

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