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LESSON №10

Section A

Местоимения "much", "many"

Местоимения much, many "много" употребляются в вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях, в утвердительных предложениях чаще употребляются их эквиваленты: a lot, plenty, a good/great deal, a good many:

How much bread have we got? – Not much.

How many books have you there? – Not many.

Much (a lot, plenty, a good deal) употребляются с неисчисляемыми существительными, (a lot, plenty, a good/great many) – с исчисляемыми:

We've got (a lot) plenty of bread here.

I've got (a lot) a good many books here.

В более официальном стиле речи much и many встречаются и в утвердительных предложениях. Little, few "мало" соответственно употребляются с неисчисляемыми и с исчисляемыми существительными:

I have little time for reading.

Few people live to be 100.

Помните, что little и few обозначают "мало, недостаточно", а a little и a few "немного, некоторое количество".

He has little time for reading ("мало").

He has few stamps.

I have a little money. – У меня есть немного денег.

I have a few friends here. – У меня здесь есть несколько друзей.

Степени сравнения:

little-less-least

few-fewer-fewest.

В современном разговорном языке всё чаще употребляется less с исчисляемыми существительными вместо fewer:

Here are less than 50 people present.

The coat is cheap, it's less than 20 roubles.

Exercise №1. Добавьте слова many или much к следующим существительным:

Например: books – many books

milk – much milk

А теперь продолжите сами:

egg- butter- water-

picture- furniture- table-

fridge- time- sugar-

cake- flour- biscuit-

tea-

Exercise №2. Добавьте вопросительные слова how many? или how much? к следующим существительным:

Например: How much bread?

How many biscuits?

А теперь продолжите сами:

jam- tea- sugar-

book- flour- shelf-

coffee- cup- letter-

spoon- milk- postcard-

table- telegram- juice

(flour – мука, spoon – ложка, sugar – сахар, postcard – открытка).

Exercise №3. (Работа в парах). Представьте, что вы Питер и Майк.(Питер – пессимист. Майк – оптимист.)

Сделайте упражнения по указанной модели.

Peter: I have got little free time.

Mike: I've got plenty of free time.

Peter: I have very few friends.

Mike: I have a lot of friends.

Используйте следующие слова и фразы для вашего диалога: time for sport, interesting information, English books, new furniture, pictures in the album, detective stories

Exercise №4. Дайте как можно больше ответов на следующие вопросы, используя слова: not much, not many, very little, very few:

1. How much work have you got to do today?

2. How much work has your friend to do today?

3. How much free time have you? And your friend?

4. How many lectures have you tomorrow? And Lucy's group?

5. Have you got enough water in the tea-pot to make tea?

6. Have you mistakes in your dictation?

7. Have the students of your group too much homework?

(enough – достаточно, tea-pot – заварочный чайник, mistakes – ошибки).

Section B

SEASONS

Winter (Зима)

December January Fabruary

Spring (Весна)

March April May

Summer (Лето)

June July August

Autumn (Осень)

September October November

Безличные предложения

Поскольку в английском языке в предложении должно быть подлежащее и сказуемое, то в безличном предложении употребляется формальное подлежащее. Выражается оно местоимением it, которое на русский язык не переводится.

It is winter. Зима.

It is hot. Жарко.

It is warm. Тепло.

It often rains in autumn. Осенью часто идут дожди.

It is nine o` clock. Девять часов.

It is two kilometers to the river. До реки два километра.

Text 1*

Vocabulary №10

оwn – собственный weather – погода

hot – жарко to swim – плавать

outdoors – на открытом воздухе to lie in the sun –загорать

berries – ягоды vegetables – овощи

rain – дождь сold – холодный

leaves – листья wind – ветер

to blow – дуть to fall – падать

snow – cнег nature – природа

to ski – ходить на лыжах to awaken – просыпаться

to skate – кататься на коньках grass – трава

to sledge – кататься на санках generally – вообще

There are four seasons in a year. They are winter, spring, summer and autumn. Every season has its own charm and is good in its own way.

Summer is my favourite season. Students have their holidays. The weather is usually fine. It is hot and sunny. I like to swim, lie in the sun, be outdoors with my friends. There are a lot of berries, fruit and vegetables.

Autumn brings rains and cold weather. The lea­ves on the trees are bright. They are yellow, red, green and brown. The strong wind blows and the leaves fall from the trees. Many poets like this season. There are a lot of fruits in the gardens.

It is very cold in winter. There is much snow in the streets. People ski and skate and children sledge in winter.

Nature awakens in spring. We enjoy the first grass, green leaves and the first flowers. The days become longer.

Generally, I like every season, because it brings some changes in weather and our life.

Exercise №1. Вставьте пропущенные слова.

1. There are... in a year.

2. Every season is good in its ….

3. I like to be … with my friends.

4. The... on the trees are bright.

5. The strong wind... and the leaves... from the trees.

6. There is much... in winter.

7. Nature … in spring.

Exercise №2. Расскажите о своем любимом времени года, используя данные вопросы.

1. What is your favourite season?

2. What is the weather like?

3. Are the days short or long?

4. Does the sun shine brightly?

5. What do you like to do?

6. Are there fruit, vegetables or berries?

7. Is it a nice season? Why do you think so?

Text 2**

Vocabulary

fall of snow снегопад frost мороз

to have a tramp бродить lanes дорожки

sliding скользящий snowballs снежки

fog туман a pond пруд

to be covered покрываться ice лед

to wear одевать, носить to sparkle сиять

to striр раздеть, снять icicles сосульки

bare голые mud грязь

thaw оттепель rays лучи

milder теплее meadows луга

to float плыть dewdrops капли росы

raindrops дождевые капли a blade побег

to cut косить hay сено

thunder гроза lighting молния

hail град crops урожай

an orchard фруктовый сад a passerby прохожий

a mackintosh дождевик iron сталь

to splash разбрызгивать a branch ветка

The year is divided into four seasons: spring, autumn, winter and summer. In winter there has been a good fall of snow and a hard frost. It`s just the day for a good country walk: let`s have a tramp down the country lanes. We can see crowds of people sliding and skating on ponds and here is a merry group of schoolboys having a fight with snowballs. In winter we may get fog, sleet and frost. Ponds, rivers and lakes are frozen, and the roads are sometimes covered with slippery ice or deep snow. The ground is like iron and rings under our feet. The snow sparkles on the branches and icicles hang from the houses. The trees are bare. Bitter north winds have stripped them of all their leaves. It's pleasant while the frost lasts, the unpleasant time comes when the thaw begins.

A few months pass and it`s a beautiful spring day. In spring nature awakens from her long winter sleep. The trees are filled with new life, the earth is warmed by the rays of the sun and the weather gets gradually milder. The fields and the meadows are covered with fresh green grass. The woods and forests are filled with songs of the birds. The soft white clouds are floating across the blue sky and the sun is shining brightly. Raindrops and dewdrops shine on every small green leaf and every blade of young grass. At night millions of stars shine in the darkness.

When summer comes the weather gets warmer still and sometimes it`s very hot. It's the farmer's busy season. He works in his fields from morning till night. The grass must be cut and the hay must be made, while the dry weather lasts. Sometimes the sky is overcast with heavy clouds. There are storms with thunder, lighting and hail.

Autumn brings with it the harvest time, when the crops are gathered in and the fruit is picked in the orchards. The woods turn yellow and brown, leaves begin to fall from the trees and the ground is covered with them. The sky is grey and very often it rains. Then everyone wears a mackintosh or carries an umbrella. As the cars and buses go along the streets they splash the water and mud on the passersby. Gradually it gets darker and a thick fog spreads over a town. That's autumn.

Exercise №1. Ответьте на вопросы по теме

1. What is the weather like in winter?

2. What holidays do we have in winter?

3. Why do most people try to have their holidays in summer?

4. What do you like to do in summer?

5. What sports do people go in for in summer?

6. Why is autumn often called the season of plenty?

7. What is the weather like in autumn?

Exercise №2. Запомните следующие речевые образцы и сделайте соответствующие подстановки, используя слова, данные в скобках:

1. -It's a nice day, isn't it? (Прекрасный день, не так ли?)

(Fine day, lovely, hot, warm, cold, sunny, windy, frosty, rainy)

2. -How cold it is! (Как холодно!)

(Warm, hot, cool)

3. -What's the weather like today? (Как сегодня погода?)

(How is the weather?)

It is nice and warm today.

(Cold and windy; calm and sunny)

4. -It looks like rain. (Похоже на то, что пойдет дождь)

(Snow)

5. -It` s 10 degrees below zero. (Температура -10)

It` s 10 degrees above zero. (Температура +10)

(15, 8,12,19,20,25,30)

Запомните следующие речевые образцы и употребите их в предложениях:

It`s raining. Идет дождь. It`s drizzling. Моросит.

It`s snowing. Идет снег. It`s windy. Ветрено.

It`s cloudy. Облачно.

Exercise №3. Прочтите и выучите наизусть следующие диалоги:

I

A: What`s the weather like today?

B: It`s cloudy.

A: What s is the outlook for tomorrow?

B: It says there will be rain.

II

A: Lovely day today, isn`t it?

B: Yes, it is. There isn` t a cloud in the sky. The sun is shining brightly.

III

A: It's so hot today. Such a splendid day, isn't it? It must be about 30 degrees above zero.

B: You are right. It`s really hot.

(an outlook, forecast – прогноз погоды)

Exercise №5. Запомните следующие речевые образцы и сделайте соответствующие подстановки, используя слова, данные в скобках.

1) — It’s a nice day, isn’t it? (Прекрасный день, не так ли?)

(fine day, lovely, hot, warm, cold, sunny, windy, frosty, rainy)

2) — How cold it is! (Как холодно) (warm, hot, cool)

3) — What’s the weather like today? (Какая сегодня погода) (How is the weather?)

— It is nice and warm today. (cold and windy; calm and sunny)

4) — It looks like rain. (Похоже, что пойдет дождь) (snow)

5) — It’s 10 degrees below zero. (Температура – 10°С)

6) — It’s 10 degrees above zero. (Температура + 10°С)

(15°, 8°, 12°, 19°, 20°, 25°, 30°С).

Exercise №6. Запомните следующие речевые образцы и употребите их в предложениях:

It s raining идет дождь

It’s drizzling моросит

It’s snowing идет снег

It’s windy ветрено

It’s cloudy ёоблачно

Exercise №7. Прочтите и выучите наизусть следующие диалоги:

I

A: What’s the weather like today?

В: It’s cloudy.

A: What is the outlook for tomorrow?

B: It says there will be rain.

II

A: Lovely day today, isn’t it?

B: Oh, yes. There isn’t a cloud in the sky. The sun is shining brightly.

III

A: It’s so hot today. Such a splendid day, isn’t it? It must be about 30 degrees above zero.

B: You are right. It’s really hot.

Exercise №8. Составьте диалог о погоде, используя лексику текста. (outlook, forecast – прогноз погоды)

A: Good morning. How are you today?

B:........

A: I’m well, thank you. Lovely day, isn’t it? Do you know the weather forecast for today?

B:........

Exercise №9. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами.

1. Summer months are.... 2. The longest day in the year is the.... 3. The shortest day in the year is the.... 4. It often... in autumn. 5. It often... in winter. 6. In spring the ground is covered with green... and there are many flowers in.... 7. In winter children like to play... and make.... 8. The rivers and lakes are covered with... in winter.

Exercise №10. Переведите на английский язык.

1. Осень. 2. Лето. 3. Зима. 4. Весна. 5. Идет дождь. 6. Идет снег. 7. Холодно. 8. Тепло. 9. Жарко. 10. Интересно. 11. Трудно.

Exercise №11. Переведите слова в скобках и употребите их в данных предложениях.

1. At 12 o’clock (солнце) shines (ярко). 2. In winter (часто идет снег). 3. We like (собирать грибы и ягоды). 4. Children like to play (снежки) and make (снежные бабы) in winter. 5. In summer the sun rises (рано) and sets (поздно). 6. In spring the days become (теплее) and (длиннее). 7. (Птицы) come back and begin (петь) in the forest and parks.

Exercise №12. Переведите на английский язык.

1. Чудесный день. 2. Должно быть, около 20 градусов выше нуля. 3. Сегодня облачно. 4. Действительно, жарко сегодня. 5. Какой прогноз на завтра? 6. Идет снег. 7. Должно быть, 15 градусов ниже нуля.

Exercise №13 Расскажите о своем любимом времени года, как вы его проводите.

Exercise №14. Составьте диалог о погоде, используя лексику текста

A: Good morning. How are you today?

B: …...

A: I`m well, thank you. Lovely day, isn` t it? Do you know the weather forecast for today?

B: …...

Section C

Глагольные времена группы ndefinite

Этот материал имеет особенно важное значение потому, что в английском предложении обязательно имеется глагол.

Чаще всего в английских предложениях мы будем встречать глаголы в изъявительном наклонении (Indicative Mood). Глаголы в этом наклонении выражают факты реальной действительности. Кроме того, глаголы могут указывать и на то, как проходило (или будет проходить) действие во времени. Отсюда такое обилие, по сравнению с русским языком, глагольных времён в английском языке.

Все глагольные времена в изъявительном наклоне­нии делятся на несколько групп, и в каждой группе различают настоящее, прошедшее и будущее время.

При работе над текстами особое внимание нужно уделить временам группы Indefinite (неопределённые времена). Этих времён три: Present Indefinite, Past Indefinite, Future Indefinite.

Что общего у глаголов, употребленных в этих временах?

Прежде всего, есть сходство в употреблении этих времен: глаголы во временах группы Indefinite просто указывают на факт совершения действия, что действие проходит, проходило в прошлом или будет проходить в будущем – без указания на характер протекания действия и

безотносительно к какому-либо другому действию или моменту. При переводе на английский язык таких предложений, как: "Я знаю этот город", "Я видел его вчера", "Завтра я пойду в кино" и т.п. глагол ставится во временах группы Indefinite.

Некоторое сходство мы найдём и в способе образования времён этой группы: все они образуются от основы глагола, то есть инфинитива без частицы to.

Рассмотрим правила образования и употребления The Present Indefinite Tense.

The Present Indefinite Tense

(The Simple Present)

The Present Indefinite Tense (настоящее неопределенное время) употребляется для выражения обычных, регулярно повторяющихся действий, происходящих вообще в настоящем времени.

I go to the Institute. Я хожу в институт. (обычно)

He lives in a big city. Он живет в большом городе. (по- стоянно)

The Present Indefinite Tense образуется от инфинитива спрягаемого глагола без частицы to для всех лиц, кроме 3-го лица единственного числа, где к глаголу прибавляется окончание -s.

He works at school. Он работает в школе.

He goes to the Institute. Он ходит в институт.

Вопросительная форма образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола do (в 3-м лице единственного числа does [dAz]), который ставится перед подлежащим. Смысловой глагол в форме инфинитива без частицы to стоит за подлежащим.

Does he work at school? Он работает в школе?

Do you go to the Institute? Ты ходишь в институт?

В отрицательной форме вспомогательный глагол do (does) с отрицательной частицей not ставится после подлежащего.

I do not (don't) go there. Я не хожу туда.

He does not (doesn't) work at Он не работает в школе.

school.

Note: на русский язык вспомогательные глаголы не переводятся.

Если в предложении есть вопросительное слово, оно ставится перед вспомогательным глаголом: Where do you work?

Основные вопросительные слова:

What (что?)

When (когда?)

Where (где?)

Why (почему?)

Who (кто?)

How (как?)

How many, how much (сколько)

Запомните, пожалуйста, схему построения специального вопроса для всех времен английского языка

Вопрос. слов. + вспом. глаг. + подлеж. + основн. глаг.

When do you read?

What does he watch?

Но если вопрос ставится к подлежащему, вспомогательный глагол отсутствует.

Who works at the plant? Кто работает на заводе?

Who reads English books? Кто читает английские книги?

А теперь потренируйтесь в упражнениях на The Present Indefinite Tense (The Simple Present)

Exercise №1. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в форму The Simple Present

1. Their friends seldom (to go) for a walk in the park.

2. My sister usually (to dress) at six o'clock.

3. I sometimes (to wash up) at a quarter to three.

4. Kate and Mary often (to play) chess in the evening.

5. My brother usually (to go) to the stadium on Sundays.

6. We (to like) to read the newspapers in the evening.

7. My mother always (to watch) TV at eight o'clock.

8. She sometimes (to have) dinner at four o'clock.

9. They always (to get up) at eight o'clock.

chess – шахматы

Exercise №2. Откройте скобки, поставьте глаголы в форму The Simple Present.

Ex: Boris does not (doesn`t) go to the club.

1. My friends (not to watch) TV in the afternoon.

2. She (not to wakeup) at six o'clock.

3. He usually (not to make) the bed in the morning.

4. Her brother (not to have) breakfast at seven o'clock.

5. I usually (not to come) home at ten o'clock.

6. They (not to go) to school at six o'clock.

7. We (not to like) to play football.

8. My grandmother usually (to go) to bed at ten o'clock.

9. His father (not to go) shopping every day.

to wake up – просыпаться

to make the bed – застилать кровать

Exercise №3. Откройте скобки, поставьте глаголы в форму The Simple Present.

1. We usually (not to have) supper at ten o'clock.

2. I (to take) a shower every morning.

3. Her friend (not to do) homework at eleven o'clock.

4. My brother (not to wash up) every evening.

5. My sister (to go) for a walk every Sunday.

6. Ann and Kate (not to like) to play basketball.

7. I (not to watch) TV in the morning.

8. He (not to read) a book every day.

9. She (to go) to the swimming pool every Tuesday.

to take a shower – принимать душ

a swimming pool – плавательный бассейн

Exercise №4. Поставьте вспомогательные глаголы "do" или "does", задавая общий вопрос.

Ex.: Do you like to dance?

1. Bobby likes to play tennis.

2. Mike and Kay usually go to Spain in summer.

3. He drives a car well.

4. Victor likes to drink tea.

5. She learns English texts.

6. They often go to the club.

7. Nelly and Janet dance very well.

8. We like to sing.

9. He wants to be a teacher.

to drive a car – водить машину

to want – хотеть

Exercise №5. Поставьте вспомогательные глаголы "do" или "does", задавая общий вопрос.

Ex: Do they like to watch TV?

1. You often go to the shop.

1. Johnny likes to drink juice for lunch.

2. He often smokes.

3. Your father reads books in the evening.

4. Kate helps his grandfather in the garden.

5. He swims well.

6. Ben lives in England.

7. Stefan goes to school in the morning.

8. She likes to drink juice.

9. Kate and Helen go to a disco.

10. You want to be a sportsman.

11. Jane and John get up early.

to get up – вставать / juice – сок / to smoke – курить

Exercise №6. Поставьте вспомогательные глаголы " do" или "does", образуя специальный вопрос:

1. He wants to be a manager.

2. Tom and Phil visit their grandparents.

3. She lives in France.

4. Olga goes to music school.

5. Your Granny listens to the radio.

6. They like to eat hamburgers.

7. Tim works in his office on Saturday.

to listen to – слушать

Exercise №7. Откройте скобки и поставьте вспомогательный глагол.

Ex: What does Jim want to be?

1. What Jim(to want) to be?

2. Where you usually (to go) to dance?

3. Why his sister (to wear) hats in summer?

4. How often Kevin (to go) to the stadium?

5. She (to like) to eat biscuits?

6. What Helen usually (to do) on Sunday?

7. With whom they usually (to have) breakfast?

8. Your sister (to listen) to records?

9. When Mike usually (to come) from work?

10. Your little sister (to like) to ask questions?

to wear – носить / to eat – есть /

to ask a question – задавать вопрос

Exercise №8. Откройте скобки.

1. With whom you (to like) to dance?

2. How well your father (to drive) a car?

3. Helen (to like) to swim in the river?

4. You (to like) to work in the garden?

5. Where Jim (to go) to play football?

6. How often they (to eat) oranges?

7. You (to take) a cold or warm shower every evening?

8. They often (to play) snowballs in winter?

9. Why he (not to like) to read detective stories?

with whom – с кем / how well – насколько хорошо

Exercise №9. Поставьте глаголы в правильную форму. Прочитайте, ответьте на вопросы и постарайтесь пересказать текст.

My girl-friend

Her name (to be) Kate. She (to be) nineteen. Kate (not to be) a pupil. She (not to go) to school. Kate (to be) a student. She (to go) to the Institute. Kate (to be) a clever and beautiful young lady. Kate (to have) got a lot of friends. She (to do) well at the Institute. Kate (to want) to be a manager. She (to read) a lot. Kate (to like) to read books about business. Sometimes we (to go) to the library together. On Sunday Kate (to visit) her grandparents. She often (to help) the mother about the house. I (to visit) her home very often.

clever – умный / beautiful – прекрасный / young – молодой

1. What (to be) your girl-friend`s name?

2. How old (to be) Kate?

3. She (to be) a pupil?

4. She (to go) to school?

5. What (to be) Kate?

6. Where she (to go)?

7. Kate (to have) got many friends?

8. She (to do) well at the Institute?

9. What Kate (to want) to be?

10. What she (to like) to read?

11. Who sometimes (to go) to the library?

12. When Kate (to visit) grandparents?

13. Kate (to help) mother about the house?

Exercise №10. Поставьте глаголы в правильную форму. Прочитайте, ответьте на вопросы и постарайтесь пересказать текст.

My aunt

Her name (to be) Julia. She (to be) twenty-nine. Julia (to be) an accountant. My aunt (to be) from Spain. She (to have) got two sons. They (to be) little boys. They (to be) five. My aunt (to like) to play the piano. She (to play) well. Every weekend Julia and her sons (to go) to the theatre. Sometimes they (to eat) in a restaurant. In winter my aunt and her husband (to ski) in the mountains. Every evening Julia's husband (to play) chess with his friend. Their children usually (to watch) cartoons or (to play) computer games in the evening. My aunt often (to visit) her parents.

mountains – горы / cartoons – мультфильмы

1. What (to be) your aunt's name?

2. How old (to be) she?

3. What (to be) Julia?

4. Where (to be) the aunt from?

5. How many sons she (to have) got?

6. How old (to be) they?

7. What game Julia (to like) to play?

8. How well she (to play) chess?

9. Where Julia and her sons (to go) every weekend?

10. How often they (to eat) in a restaurant?

11. Who (to ski) in the mountains in winter?

12. What game Julia's husband (to play) every evening?

14. With whom he (to play) chess?

15. What their children usually (to do) in the evening?

16. Whom Julia often (to visit)?

Exercise №11. Перед вами список того, что нужно и что нельзя делать Тому. Прочитайте его и затем скажите каждое предложение, как утверждение самого мальчика, а затем его брата.

(Например: Том: "I eat breakfast quickly!" Brother: "He eats his breakfast quickly")

Eat your breakfast quickly.

Don't be late for school.

Come home for lunch at 3 p.m.

Warm up your lunch.

Have a little rest after lunch.

Go for a walk.

Come back home at 5.

Have tea.

Start doing your homework at 6.

Finish homework at 8.

Watch some programs on TV.

Go to bed at 11.00.

Exercise №12. Данное упражнение представляет собой разговор между госпожой Браун, ее одиннадцатилетним сыном Робертом и его братом Вильямом, которому 9 лет.

Mrs. Brown: Don't get up late, Robert.

Robert: I seldom get up late.

William: Mother, Robert seldom gets up late, really!

Mrs. Brown: Don't leave home without breakfast.

Robert: I never leave home without breakfast.

William: He never leaves home without breakfast, Mother!

А теперь продолжите разговор, работая в группе из трех человек.

Mrs. Brown: Don't be late for school.

Robert: …...

William: …...

Используйте данные фразы для продолжения диалога:

Forget about homework, leave your bag in the class after lessons, watch TV too long, don`t eat quickly, don`t come to table with dirty hands, don`t eat too many sweets, don`t read in bed, don`t go to bed too late.

Exercise №13. Две молодые женщины разговаривают о своих мужьях. Кейт критикует своего мужа Фреда, а Мэри хвалит своего мужа Джорджа.

Mary: George always gets up early, long before me.

Kate: Fred never gets up early.

Mary: George cooks breakfast every morning. He is a good cook.

Kate: Fred doesn't cook breakfast.

Продолжите этот разговор, работая в парах, используя следующие фразы:

Дата добавления: 2015-10-24