Exercise I. Offer faithful Ukrainian equivalents for the meanings of the modal verb ought to in the sentences below and translate these sentences into Ukrainian.

1. «Someone ought to go for the police.» 2. «Well, I think you ought to send it to her.» (Maugham) 3. «We don't think you ought to let him, dear.» 4. «Well, I think we ought to be starting...» 5. «She ought to be very happy.» (Galsworthy) 6. «It is her birthday and she ought to have first choice.» (J.Priestley) 7. «We ought to make terms with him.» 8. «You ought to take care of yourself.» (Galsworthy)

9. «A strong party ought instantly to be thrown into the block-house.»

10. «Have I said anything I oughtn't?» asked Harvey Birch. 11. «You
think I.ought to have thrown White to the wolves?» (J.F.Cooper)
12. But I was wondering whether I ought to be getting back. 13.... he
ought at least to be violently attacked by some party within it.

14. «You ought to be ashamed of yourself...» (C.Lewis) 15. «It ought to be better out in the country than in Town.» (Hemingway) 16. «That ought to be a beauty.» (Bates) 17. «He says so and he ought to know,» was the answer. 18. «You ought to care,» she answered with blazing eyes. (London) 19. «You ought to know all about statues and things.» 20. «He ought to have put a spoke in the wheel of their mar­riage.» (Galsworthy) 21. «You ought to ask for a transfer to a more civilized school,» Leslie said. (I.Shaw) 22. «You ought to see the baby.» 23. «You ought to live in California,» began Miss Baker. 24. «Either you ought to be more eyeful, or you oughtn't to drive at all.» (Fitzgerald) 25. Life ought to be lived, as he lived it... 26. «Well, she ought to know bettter than to want to go out alone.» 27.... he ought not to be compelled to continue at this very manual form of work any longer. (Dreiser)

7. The modal verb need is known to have two forms of realiza­tion, e.g., that of a defective verb and that of a regular verb with modal meaning. The double morphological nature of need does not influ­ence in any way its lexical meaning, which remains in both cases identical. Hence, when used in its paradigmatic forms with the per­sonal endings or with the auxiliary verb do/does and the infinitive with the particle to, the verb need is translated in quite the same way as its defective form in the present or past tense, always maintaining the meaning of треба, потрібно, необхідно. This can be seen from the following illustrative sentences:

a) «That needs a bit of think- «Над цим треба ще трохи

ing.» (Christie) подумати.»

«He need say no more to her.» «Йому не треба більше їй

(Ibid.) нічого казати.»

«May I ask you to take care «Можна попрохати тебе

of me?» «I didn't need any ask- заступитися за мене?» «Не
ing.» (E. Wharton) треба прохати мене.»

The meaning of the modal verb need may be rendered in the last sentence implicitly, i.e., by employing semantic transformation:

Нічого/нема чого прохати мене.

b) Similar semantic transformations are observed when render­ing the meaning of resolute/negative advice or indignation:

«Why need we defend it?» «Навішо/чого ие нам захи-

(Maugham) щати це?»

«You need not worry about it.» «Тобі нічого турбуватись

(ibid.) про це.»

с) There may be other contextual meanings equivalents of the mo­dal verb need as in the sentence below where its Ukrainian equivalent is the modal verb бути повинним/мусити.

«Well, nobody needn 't know «Але ніхто не повинен будь-

about it...» (W.Jacobs) що знати про це.»

The meaning of need in this sentence may also be expressed with the help of prosodic means (intonation and stress): «Тільки щоб 'ніхто не 'знав про це.»

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