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| Goods | Activities with the goods |
| Peas | Shell the peas |
| Potatoes | |
| Lettuce | |
| Carrot | |
| Eggs | |
| Cream | |
| Salad | |
| Lemon | |
| Pasta | |
| Cheese | |
| Onions | |
| Stew | |
| Flour | |
| Dough |
Metaphorical word use is a typical feature of the language. Metaphors are figures of speech, in which the words that ordinarily designate an object, process or quality are used to designate dissimilar ideas suggesting comparison or analogy. Many comparisons in the language are based on the metaphorical meaning transfer. E.g. “As blind as a bat”. “As strong as an ox”. “As quiet as a mouse”. “As hard as iron”. “As deaf as a post”. “As quick as a flash”. “As sick as a dog”. In some cases a change of words can cause a shift in meaning. E.g. “As white as snow” has a meaning of “being beautiful” (compare “Snow White and Seven Dwarfs”) while “As white as a sheet” implies “fearing something”. (McCarthy, M. and F.Dell. 1994. English Vocabulary in Use. CUP. P. 152). Another typical feature is idiomatic word use. Idioms often serve as instruments of individual expressive power. E.g. Little brothers are often brats but mine is a real McCoy. He is getting on my nerves. Every moment I am under the weather he makes his special duty to get my goat. When I want to stay to myself, he tags along. He is a bit of a sweet tooth and is always chewing the cud. When something is against him, he throws a tantrum. I can certainly tattle on him and catch him red-handed at the buffet lifting the candies. But I am not as mean as that. We go shares instead.
Exploratory task 1.13
Complete the following sentences and say what made you change the word each time.
| Choice of words | Explanation |
| “Get you hair cut”, he … | |
| “Get out of my house!”, he … | |
| “Ooh, that’s funny”, she … | |
| “A ghost?! In my house???!!! Eeeek” he … | |
| “Hmmph! The country’s going to the dogs”, she … | |
| “Look! They are winning!!!”, he … | |
| “B-b-b-u-t I d-d-d-on’t w-w-ant to”, he … | |
| “Oh, a lovely present!”, she … | |
| ”You are always like that and there’s nothing to teach you!”, she … |
(Adapted from Harmer, J and R. Rossner. 1991. More than Words. Book 1. Longman. P. 13)
Exploratory task 1.14
Combine elements of idiomatic phrases in the left and the right columns producing English idioms. What transfer of meaning can you find in the metaphorical use of the English words?
| His manners were to the boss The plans worked He always drinks The man eats He sleeps My head is The guy is thin | like a sieve like a log like a horse like a fish like a dream like a red rag to a bull as a rake |
Word observation sheet
| Words | Ordinary meaning | Idiomatic meaning |
Word clustersplay an important role in mental lexicon. Mentally words are grouped as clusters in two models: "atomic globule" and "cobweb" (Aitchison,J. 1994. Words in Mind: An Introduction to the Mental Lexicon. Oxford: Blackwell). Atomic globulesare clusters with the meaning that related words have in common. Atomic globule can be represented by a matrix
Exploratory task 1.15. Combine the “near synonyms” of the verb “to cry” with their semantic features. Put a cross at the intersection of the verb and the semantic features.
| With tears | With emotions | With noise | Mournfully | Being upset | After withholding | |
| Cry | ||||||
| Weep | ||||||
| Sob | ||||||
| Wail | ||||||
| Burst into tears | ||||||
| Break down |
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