Grammatical categories of the verb

1)the conjugated category of person & number; 2)the conjugated category of tense & aspect; 3)the category of mood; 4) the category of voice.

In additional to these traditional categories the verb has 2 grammatical meanings which however have no special forms for their expressing. These 2 meanings are expressed in the following appositions: 1) transitive—intransitive (переходные); 2) terminative—non-terminative(предельного действия).

(1)transitive—intransitive verbs in E-sh don’t form a special category because there are no morphological indicators (neither auxiliaries no suffixes) for distinguishing transitive verbs from intransitive ones. Their difference can be revealed only on the syntactic level. If the verb is followed by a non-prepositional object it is transitive (He reads E-sh books.). If there is no direct object it’s intransitive (He reads much.). The difference between transitive & intransitive verbs becomes important while deriving the passive constructions which are most frequently derived from the transitive verbs.

(2) Terminative—non-terminative verbs (durative—non-durative).

Terminable verbs imply a limit of an action beyond which it can not continue. This means that in case of terminative verbs an action has a final aim in view.

E.g. to break, to bring, to throw, to jump, to fall, to close, to open, to recognise, to escape.

They are all actions limited in time while non-terminative verbs express continuous actions. E.g. to carry, to live, to know, to see, to sleep, to have, to belong, to love, to possess.

The 3^rd group is made by the words of a double nature which combine the features of terminative & non-terminative verbs & depending on the context one of the features becomes more prominent. E.g. She believed (non-term.) in everything she read (non-term). She took (term) the book & read (term) the title.

E.g. to feel, to read, to write, to remember, to laugh.

If we compare terminative & non-terminative verbs to Russian perfective—imperfective verbs there is no strict correspondence between them. E-sh terminative verbs may correspond in Russian both to perfective & imperfective verbs. E.g. to fall can mean in Russian падать и упасть; to throw—бросить и бросать; to pass—пройти, проходить.

E-sh non-terminative verbs always correspond to Russian imperfective verbs. E.g. to belong, to have, to sleep. If it’s necessary to express a continuative action with the help of a terminative verb we should use the continuous aspect. On the contrary if it is necessary to limit an action of a non-terminative verb we should use a perfect aspect.

E.g. 1)I entered the room & heard some voices.2) When I was entering the room I heard some voices.

1)I sleep a lot. 2) I have slept for 2 hours.

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