Clause-sentence-utterance-logical proposition

The sent-ce shouldn’t be mixed with such units as… With each of them the sent-ce has some common features, but not identical.

Proposition is a logical unit consisting of 2 essential components (the subj. and predicate). The predicate characterizes the subj. by ascribing (приписывать) a certain action, state or quality to it. Ex. She is young. The boy is asleep. He works. In every proposition there should be the subj. and the predicate and theses two terms were borrowed from logic onto grammar.

There is a considerable degree of analogy and correspondence between the proposition and a two member s-ce → He (gr. & log. Subj.) works (gr. &log. Predicate).

At the same time in lang. There are peculiar kinds of s-ces which do not fit into the structure of proposition. Ex. The house (gr. subj.→ log. object) is pulled down by the workers (gr. object → log. subject)

If we take one member s-ces “Early morning” there is neither subj. nor action, “Speak” – there is an action, but no doer. The logical proposition may coincide only with a certain degree.

The s-ce and the clause.

The clause is the structural part of the complex s-ce. Like a simple s-ce it also has its subj. and the predicate of its own. But unlike the simple s-ce it is not autonomous. Ina clause there may be several signals of its non-autonomous character:

a subj. conjunction: if, that;

a special gr-l form: she were here (only in a subjunctive clause);

an unusual word order. Ex. Hardly had he entered a room,

The s-ce and the utterance

The s-ce is a unit of a lang-e which is built acc. to definite lang-e patterns or models and their number in every lang-e is limited. The utterance is a unit of speech and in every case it is adapted to the needs of peculiar speech situation. In some parts of the situation the s-ce may coincide with the utterance. Ex.

(1)...- When are you leaving for Moscow? Tomorrow. Who with? Kate.

The aim of ut-ce is not to name the whole sit-n but to give info strictly necessary and imp for mutual understanding.

(2) Seems it may rain today. (Utterance) Utterances in the majority of cases from the structurally complete s-ces, they are esp. popular in dialogues.

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