The Theory of parts of speech in prenormative &classical gr-s.

In prenormative

In Latin 8 parts of speech: noun, pronoun, participle, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction. This classification was adopted by many pre-nominative G-s. But some grammarians adopted the system to the features of E-sh G adding some new parts of speech to it.

Ben Jonson introduced the 9th part—the article & J. Brightland added the 10th part of speech under the name—qualities (by which he meant adjective). Brightland worked out his original system of the parts of speech: names (nouns), affirmatives (verbs), qualities (adj.), particles (all other parts of speech).

In the 17th c. J. Wallis introduced the rules for the distribution of shall/will according to the persons. Before that they were interchangeable. He fixed shall to the 1st person & will to the 2nd, 3rd.

Achievements of prescriptive G in treating problems of theoretical G. In morphology: there are no innovations because they practically borrowed the ideas of pre-nominative G.

In classical scientific grammar

Henry Sweet was the 1st to introduce 3 scientific principles for the distribution of words into classes: 1) grammatical meaning, 2) syntactic function, 3) form. He worked out his own system of parts of speech (not quite consistent). Jesperson’s classification consisted of 5 parts of speech: 1)the noun 2)pronoun, including pronominal adverbs (who, which, where, when, why), 3)verbs, 4)adj. 5)particles (dump).

In early E. gr-ms the system of parts of speech was borrowed from Latin and included 8 classes: noun, pronoun, verb, particle, adverb, conjunctive, preposition, interjection. B. Jonson added the article.

At that time there were no scientific principles for the classification of words into the parts of speech. For the first time these principles were described by H. Sweet at the very end of the 19 th. century. He was the originator of classical scientific grammar. His idea was that while distributing words into various classes it is necessary to take into consideration their grammatical meaning, form and function. He worked out his own system of types of speech.

I stage: declinable and indeclinable (изменяемые и неизменяемые). Declinable: 1) noun-words- nouns proper, noun-pronoun, noun-numeral (cardinal – hundreds of people), infinitive, gerund;

2) adjective- words – adjective proper, adjective-pronoun, adjective-numeral (ordinal), participle I and II;

3) verb-words – finite verbs, infinitive, gerund, participle I and II;

Indeclinable: adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, interjections.

This system of parts of speech isn’t very consistent, as the author didn’t use all the three principle, which he had proclaimed simultaneously but at various stages various principle were made leading by him. At the first stage when declinable words were opposed to indeclinable the principle of form was leading. At the second stage when declinable words were subdivided further on the principle of function became leading. Due to this fact some words occurred in two groups simultaneously. Such classes as pronoun and numerals have no status of their own, but are distributed between nouns and adjectives. The adverb, included into the group of indeclinable words, has degrees of comparison, which means it can change its forms.

O. Jesperson (scientific grammar) put forward the same three principles above mentioned. He distributed all the words into 5 parts of speech: 1)Nouns; 2)Adjectives; 3)Pronouns, including numerals and pronominal adverbs (where, why, how, when); 4)Verbs, including verbids or verbals (inf., ger., part.); 5)Participle: participle proper (just, too, enough, only, yet, etc.), prepositions, conjunctions. The 5 th. class was a kind of dump where he included the words which didn’t fit into the four previous classes.

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