Complex Subject

Construction	Example
Complex Subject noun (g. c.) (+ v.) + inf. pron. (n. c.)	They are said to have travelled lot.

Complex Subject is used in the Passive Voice with the following verbs: to hear – слышать, to see – видеть, to find – находить, обнаруживать, to know – знать, to report – сообщать, to expect – ожидать, полагать, to consider – считать, рассматривать, to believe – полагать, to say – говорить, to suppose – предполагать.

Ex.: The delegation was reported to have already arrived.

The conference is believed to take place in Minsk.

Complex Subject is used in the Active Voice with the following verbs: to seem, to appear – казаться, to prove – оказаться, to happen – случаться, to turn out – оказаться and with the phrases: to be unlikely (likely) – маловероятно, to be sure (unsure) – определенно, безусловно, to be certain (uncertain) – определенно, наверняка.

Ex.: The dinner seems to be ready. The weather is not likely to change. They are sure to come.

Construction «for» + noun (pron.) + inf.

Construction	Example
«for» + noun (pron.) + inf.	Everybody waited for the meeting to start. This is for you to decide.

Unit 5. The Participle

Forms of the participle

	Active	Passive
Participle I	delivering	being delivered
Participle II		delivered
Perfect Participle	having delivered	having been delivered

Functions of the participle

1. Attribute	Mother is looking at her sleeping child.
2. Adverbial modifier а) of time b) of reason c) of manner or attendant circumstances	When asked he refused to answer the question. Having been translated into many languages the book became world famous. Не was reading the newspaper sitting in the armchair.
3. Part of the predicate	The plan is being discussed. All doors were locked.

Participle constructions

Construction	Example
Objective Participial Construction noun (g. c.) + Part. I; II pron. (obj. c.)	We heard him playing the piano. I considered the work done. I had my books bound.
Subjective Participial Construction noun (g. c.) + Part. I; II pron. (nom. c.)	Не was seen crossing the street. She was heard talking about it. Не was seen looking for something.

Absolute Participial Construction noun (g. c.) + Part. I; II pron. (nom. c.)

It being warm, we went for a walk. Radio was invented in 1895, the inventor being the Russian scientist.

Unit 6. The Gerund

Forms of the gerund

	Active	Passive
Gerund	shipping	being shipped
Perfect Gerund	having shipped	having been shipped

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