Ex. 3. Fill in the gaps with the suitable words or word combinations

1. In a civil trial, the party initiating the legal ac­tion ________ the plaintiff.

2. Once a trial court ________ a decision, the losing party may be able to appeal the deci­sion to an appellate, or appeals, court.

3. There ________ or witnesses, and no evidence is presented.

4. A judge's error _________ minor as long as it does not affect the outcome of the trial.

5. When these judges disagree on a decision, two or more written opinions ____________ in the same case.

6. As society and the views ________ on appellate courts change, so can legal opinion.

7. Many laws ­­­­­­­­­­________________by the Supreme Court. For example, the Supreme Court ____________ all-male draft registration, ended segregation in public schools, and de­clared forced prayer in public schools a violation of the Constitution.

8. This is especially true because justices ________for life. The Supreme Court has the power to reverse rules of law estab­lished in prior cases if the same issue _______ again in a new case.

a. are appointed;

b. is considered;

c. has made;

d. may be issued;

e. is called;

f. comes before it;

g. of judges;

h. are no juries.

i. have been changed;

j. has upheld.

Ex. 4. Answer the questions:

1. How many types of the courts are there in the US, Russia?

2. Can everyone who loses appeal?

3. Who confirms and who nominates nine Supreme Court justices?

4. How many parties are represented in appeals courts?

Ex. 5. True or false:

1. In appeals courts there is only one side which tries to present arguments to change the verdict.

2. Each court must follow the precedent in its decision.

3. Supreme Court is a type of appeal court which deals with property cases.

4. The justices of the Supreme Court are approved by the Congress.

5. Everybody who loses a trial can appeal.

6. Opinions of the minority in the Supreme Court do not matter further.

7. Defendants can send in an appeal only after the judgment, not during the process.

8. The mission of the Supreme Court is to take modifications in the Constitution.

Ex. 6. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Наша законодательная система имеет английские корни, тем самым она наделяет суды правом устанавливать юридические принципы и правовые нормы, известные как общее право.

2. В гражданском судебном процессе, сторону, начинающую юридические действия, называют истцом.

3. Суды в зале заседания выслушивают доказательства, рассматривают свидетельские показания и учитывают факты в спорных ситуациях.

4. Апелляционный суд, вынося решение по делу, издает письменное мнение, которое устанавливает прецедент для подобных случаев. Однако более высший суд или суд другой области может не согласиться с данным прецедентом.

5. Правосудие предназначено для жизни.

6. Верховный Суд имеет власть полностью изменить правовую норму.

7. Самые спорные проблемы общества, такие как смертная казнь и гражданские права, решаются в суде.

Ex. 7. Role-play:

One member of the group is accused of a tax offence, and two members are a defender and a prosecutor, the other group is a jury. The jury try to find him guilty or not.

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