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1. Eventually, the courts recognized …………….. rights and ………. remedies ……… to prisoners, who may now file their own suits, have ………….. access to the …………….. courts, and file writs of Habeas Corpus and mandamus.
2. Although many actions brought by prisoners have been ………….., prison …………. procedures have been improved as a result of such litigation.
3. Prisoners have sought remedies for many problems, including relief from…….......... searches, release from …………... confinement, and the procuring of withheld mail.
4. In England, in the absence of a ………… constitution, prisoners resorting to the courts have relied on the ……………. principles of …………. law, which require …………… procedures by ……….. bodies.
5. ……….. decisions have indicated, however, that the courts are now willing to limit ……… writs by prisoners in deference to the security requirements of the prison.
Exercise 4. Put the words in the sentences in the right order and find unnecessary word and translate the sentences into Russian:
1. Prisoners court free had all by that liberty early rights citizens U.S. forfeited the ruled enjoyed of decisions.
2. Been rights prisoner may by a United and the courts in that unusual developed be the idea that actions has protected in the has Europe States.
3. May aspect for the or under remedy of prisoner Corpus release protection another some Habeas transfer confinement request.
4. Provisions brought the in and Constitution under of the amendments that to actions notably the prisoners U.S. the Fourteenth are Constitutions the U.S. protection of the entitled establish Eighth the due.
5. Out a prison issue example to or the prisoner been by to legal provide court a is mandamus prisoner with to have a medical illegally to responsibility law carry directing for that sick a administrator restore command denied rights a care.
Exercise 5. Retell the text “Prisoners' Rights”.
Text 6 Alternatives to Prison
Prison improvements and alternatives
In most criminal justice systems the majority of offenders are dealt with by means other than custody – by fines and other financial penalties, by probation or supervision or by others to make reparation in some practical form to the community.
Fine
The most common penalty, fine, avoids the disadvantages of many other forms of sentence; it is inexpensive to administer and does not normally have the side effects, such as social stigma and loss of job that may follow imprisonment. However, there are dangers that the imposition of financial penalties may result in more affluent offenders receiving penalties that they can easily discharge, while less affluent offenders are placed under burdens that they cannot sustain.
Restitution
Related to the fine is an order to pay restitution (in some countries termed compensation). The principle of restitution is popular in some countries as an alternative to punitive sentencing, but there are some drawbacks. One is the possibility, as in the case of the fine, that the more affluent offender may receive favourable treatment from the court because he is able to pay restitution. The second drawback is that such schemes do not help all victims of crime. Only those who are the victims of crimes for which the offender is caught and convicted and has the funds to pay restitution are likely to be recompensed. Victims of crimes of violence in some countries – such as Canada and England – are entitled to restitution from public funds, whether or not the offender is detected or has the resources necessary to compensate him.
Probation
There are many ways of dealing with offenders that do not involve the payment of money. One is probation, a system that takes many different forms in different jurisdictions. However, that essentially involves the suspension of sentence on the offender subject to the condition that he is supervised while living in the community by probation officer and possibly agrees to comply with such other requirements as the court may think appropriate. Usually, if the offender complies with the probation order and commits no further offence while it is in force, no other penalty is imposed. If he breaks the requirements of the order or commits another offence, he can be brought back before the court and punished for the original offence as well as for the late one.
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