Vocabulary notes

humiliation - унижение

bizarre methods - эксцентричные методы

rooster - петух

viper - гадюка

condemned man - осужденный, приговоренный

full citizens - полноправные граждане

short weight - недовес

pillory - пригвоздить к позорному столбу

quartering - четвертование

beheading - обезглавливание

Exercise 1. Answer the questions:

1. Why did ancient punishment have to be painful?

2. What was the purpose of making punishment public?

3. What was the symbolic meaning of the punishment inflicted on the parents murderers?

4. What punishments were most common in the East?

5. How did punishments reflect social status?

Exercise 2. Are these statements false or true? Correct the false sentences.

Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. In ancient Greece the custom of allowing a condemn man to end his own life by poison extended only to slaves.

2. Physical punishments and public humiliations social events and carry out in most accessible parts of towns, often on market days when the greater part of the population present.

3. One of the most terrible punishments was pillory and quartering.

4. One of the most common punishments for petty offences the pillory, which stood in the main square of towns.

5. The offender lock by hands and head into the device and made to stand sometimes for days, while crowds jeer and pelt the offender with rotten vegetables or worse.

6. The victim was hanged, beheaded and the body cut into four pieces.

Exercise 3. Check your vocabulary. Write these words from the text correctly, make up your own sentences with the words:

Timihuliaons, bleacsices, arbizre, liinfct, demconned, erbutch, kistngin, belydeliraet, ernfgsufi, gestanred, adbeheed, dialmeev.

Exercise 4. Retell the text “From the History of Punishment”

Text 3 Present-day Penal Institutions

Modern prisons are quite diverse, but it is possible to make some generalizations about them. In all but minimum-security prisons, the task of maintaining physical custody of the prisoners is usually given the highest priority and is likely to dominate all other concerns. Barred cells and locked doors, periodic checking of cells, searches for contraband, and detailed regulation of inmates' movements about the prison are all undertaken to prevent escapes. In order to forestall thievery, drug and alcohol use, violent assaults, rapes, and other types of prison crime, the inmates are subjected to rules governing, every aspect of life; these do much to give the social structure of the prison its authoritarian character.

The need to maintain security within prisons has prompted many countries to separate their penal institutions into categories of maximum, medium, and minimum security. Convicted offenders are assigned to a particular category on the basis of the seriousness or violent nature of their offence, the length of their sentence, their proneness to escape, and other considerations. Within a prison, the inmates are often classified into several categories and housed in corresponding cellblocks according to the security risk posed by each individual. Younger offenders are usually held in separate penal institutions that provide a stronger emphasis on treatment and correction criminal from society and punishing him for his crime, but the higher goal of rehabilitation is not as easily attained. An offender's time in prison is usually reduced as a reward for good behaviour and conscientious performance at work. The privilege of receiving visits from family members and friends from the outside world exists in almost all penal systems. '

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