Vocabulary Notes

theology – теология, богословие

skull structure – строение черепа

emotional disturbances – зд. эмоциональная нестабильность

Exercise 1. Answer the questions:

1. What concepts formed the basis of the earliest criminological theories?

2. How did the biological theories develop?

3. What views on crime predominated in the 19^th century?

4. What do you know about Montesquieu’s theory?

5. How did criminological theories develop in the 20^th century?

6. What is the relationship between the mental and emotional state of a person and his/her inclinations to crime?

7. What are the latest views on the causes of crime?

8. What theories seem to be right from you point of view?

9. What is you own view on the causes of crime?

10. Do you think biological theory is right? Why?

Exercise 2. Are these statements true or false? Correct the false statements:

1. German physician and anatomist Franz Joseph Gall tried to establish relationships between skull structure and criminal proclivities.

2. Gall’s theory is now very popular.

3. A more sophisticated theory – a biological one – was developed late in the 19^th century by the Spanish criminologist Cesare Lombroso.

4. Some well-known criminologists of the 20^th century attributed crime mainly to the influence of poverty.

5. As a society becomes more unsettled and its people more fearful of the future, the crime rate begins to rise.

Exercise 3. Match the words with their definitions:

1. an arsonist - a) attacks and robs people often in the street

2. a shop-lifter - b) sets fire to property illegally

3. a mugger - c) is anyone who breaks the law

4. an offender - d) breaks into houses or other buildings to steal

5. a vandal - e) steals from shops while acting as an ordinary customer

6. a burglar - f) kills someone

7. a murderer - g) deliberately causes damage to property

8. kidnapper - h) steals things from people’s pockets in crowded places

9.a pickpocket - i) gets secret information from another country

10.an accomplice - j) buys and sells drugs illegally

11.a drug dealer - k) takes away people by force demanding money for their

return

12.a spy - l) uses violence for political reasons

13a terrorist - m) helps a criminal in a criminal act

Exercise 4. Match the words with their Russian equivalents:

1. an assassin - a) хулиган

2. a hooligan - b) безбилетный пассажир, «заяц»

3. a stowaway - c) угонщик самолета, воздушный пират

4. a thief - d) убийца (совершающий убийство политического

или общественного деятеля)

5. a hijacker - e) вор

6. a forger - f) фальшивомонетчик

7. a robber - g) член криминальной группировки

8. a smuggler - h) грабитель

9. a traitor -i) двоеженец

10. a gangster - j) дезертир

11. a deserter - k) контрабандист

12. a bigamist - l) человек, занимающийся контрабандой наркотиков

13 a drug smuggler - m) предатель

Exercise 5. Make up your own sentences with the following words and expressions:

Harsh punishments, various scientific theories, criminologist, investigator, crimes against property, mentally deficient, multiple factor, insecurity, theory, theft.

Exercise 6. Translate into Russian:

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