Vocabulary Notes

Exercise 1. Answer the questions:

1. What are aftercare services?

2. What are the causes of juvenile delinquency?

3. Who is responsible for juvenile delinquency?

4. What have all efforts in prevention been aimed toward?

5. How can rehabilitative processes for already identified delinquents be improved?

6. What are juvenile agencies?

7. What is the difference between the police and juvenile agencies?

8. Which is more affective?

Exercise 2. Are these statements true or false? Correct the false statements:

1. The juvenile justice system is an integral system.

2. The interrelationship inside the system is, apparently, the most significant problem in the juvenile justice system.

3. The police services are only a part of the total community effort to promote the welfare of children and young people.

4. There is often plenty of communication between the police and other young serving agencies in the community.

5. Social agencies personnel, including probation officers and even some judges, don’t see any effective treatment.

Exercise 3. Translate into Russian:

If we look at the history of the American juvenile justice system from its inception in the late 19th century until the present, we can discern a pattern of transformation which in certain respects appears to have come full circle. In the beginning, many states instituted juvenile courts as a means of eliminating the participation of children in an adult legal system, which was viewed as harsh and inappropriate to the special needs of young people, and replacing it with a more humane, flexible, and informal system based on civil law, rather than criminal law.

This noble idea met with varying degrees of success as it was put into practice over the ensuing decades. Many of the reform movement's goals were achieved, and the American public will probably never have a full appreciation of the hundreds of thousands of troubled young people who were quietly and successfully reintegrated as productive members of society over the years. On the other hand, the system also produced some notorious failures in grappling with an increase in the most extreme instances of juvenile violence during the second half of the last century, leading to heightened scrutiny of the system by the media, the public, and politicians.

Exercise 4. Fill the gaps with appropriate prepositions:

The U.S. juvenile court system has changed dramatically since its inception ___ 1899. _____ the 1950s and 1960s, experts observed a tendency toward more violent criminality _____ juvenile offenders. The juvenile system was challenged as to its effectiveness. States responded _____ instituting prevention and rehabilitation programs as well as ____ imposing stricter punitive measures ___ order to curb the rise ____ juvenile violence. Some states changed their procedures to permit a juvenile to be transferred to an adult penal institution after an adjudication of delinquency _____ the juvenile court. In some other states, the juvenile could be transferred ____ the adult court _____ an earlier stage ____ the proceedings ____ trial as an adult.

Exercise 5. Read the text and write down a short summary:

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