I. Analyze the following sentences paying attention to the use of the modal verbs and their equivalents. Explain their meaning. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Judges must set timetables to bring cases on for trial as quickly as possible; they must control and try to simplify the issues that have to be decided; and they must put strict limits on the evidence which may be called at the trial.

2. Family cases may involve the court giving orders which relate to the circumstances in which family members are to live.

3. In civil cases the applicant does not have to make the court sure about the case.

4. It must always be easier to make someone else believe that something is probably so than to make them sure of it.

5. The court has to decide if either party has acted “in breach of contract”, and if so, what the compensation should be.

6. For a contract to be enforceable six conditions must be met.

7. Anyone who takes your belongings without permission may be prosecuted in the criminal courts for theft.

8. If a police officer arrests you without lawful cause, a claim can be brought against him.

9. Sometimes a judge may decide that both sides have been to blame to some extent; then the court will have to apportion blame accordingly.

10. Because almost any question involving the welfare of a child can be referred to the Family Division, the judges of this court can be asked to make important and difficult decisions about the medical treatment of children.

Speaking

Exercises

I. Answer the question about the text.

1. What are the subjects of civil cases? What do civil proceedings concern?

2. How have the civil procedure rules changed since April 1999? How are they tried now?

3. What are overriding objectives of civil cases?

4. What options does the claim activate for the defendant?

5. Which ‘tracks’ are civil cases allocated to? What is typical of each of them?

6. What are peculiarities of family cases?

7. What are weak points of trials in defamation cases?

8. What is the basic rule of contract law? What does this rule involve?

9. What are best known torts?

10. What is а trespass? How is it prosecuted?

11. What are the consequences of negligence? How are cases decided in court?

12. How are cases of negligence or nuisance tried in court? Give an example.

13. What are the complexities of claims for defamation?

14. What does the work of the Chancery Division cover?

15. When are trusts created? What is meant by the term the administration of trusts?

16. What is the family Division concerned with?

17. When can the test of reasonableness be applied? Give an example.

18. What does it mean to be somebody’s litigant friend?

19. What are the ways of enforcing court orders in civil cases?

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