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UNIT III
PRINT MEDIA
“A newspaper should be the maximum of
information and the minimum of comment”
Richard Cobden (1804 - 1865),
An English politician and pamphleteer
You know that mass communication has revolutionized the modern world. The print and broadcast media not only convey information to public, but also influence public opinion. Newspapers and magazines have long been major lines of communication and have always reached large audience.
In this unit you will know
you will be able
STARTER
Do you know how people had learnt news before printing was invented? Share you ideas with your group mates.
Can you guess who these people are, what countries they came from, what they are famous for?
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VOCABULARY FILE
Task 1a
Here you are given an example of a word family of the word edit (v). Pay attention to the word-building suffixes and parts of speech they form.
Make your own word-family charts of the words publish (v), advertise (v), print (v), circle (n), read (v).
Task 1b
Try to practice your knowledge and use these words and their derivatives in the sentences below.
| Competition for … and profit of newspapers was very serious at the end of the 19th beginning of the 20th centuries. | circle | |
| The introduction of the term “yellow journalism” is associated with the … William Hearst. | publish | |
| Joseph Pulitzer was the first publisher who introduced in the newspaper a series of … stunts. | advertise | |
| One of the canons of American journalism is that the press must be free of any bonds except public interest, i.e. it must not print … that knowingly subvert the truth. | edit | |
| … levels in the USA are not as high as they once used to be. | read | |
| Most of the … fall into two basic categories: display and classified. | advertise | |
| The main …’s task is to set the newspaper’s basic … and commercial policies. | publish, edit | |
| In some small newspapers the publisher in also the …. | edit | |
| Popular newspapers are designed first of all for undemanding …. | read | |
| Until the invention of … in the 15th century, the public had to get news mainly from hearsay and rumour. | ||
| During the Middle Ages manuscript letters were … among the people who could read. | circle | |
| Francysk Skaryna is considered to be one of the first … in the East Slavonic countries. |
Task 2a
To make your speech varied you should be able to use different synonyms while speaking. Here you are offered to match the synonymous pairs.
| section (in a newspaper) | a) | partisan | |
| issue (v) | b) | copy, edition | |
| issue (n) | c) | manuscript | |
| biased | d) | lay out, design | |
| unbiased | e) | rubric | |
| a handwritten document | f) | impartial, objective | |
| make up (v) makeup (n) | g) | publish |
Task 2b
Try to practice your knowledge and substitute the underlined words in italics by a proper synonym using the words above.
1. Until 1829 the two outside pages of the weekend Guardian were finally made up and printed by the Friday midnight.
2. After the Constitution of the USA was adopted and political parties were in the process of formation, American newspapers became very partisan.
3. Each copy of Pulitzer’s St. Luis Dispatch contained extensive sport coverage and comic strips.
4. The Sunday papers are designed for family reading and include more rubrics that the daily ones.
5. The chief editor is primarily responsible for the final newspapers layout.
6. The New York Times claims to be objective in news reports boasting of separation fact from opinion.
7. The Financial Times, one of the oldest British dailies, was first published in 1888.
8. Before the invention of printing people learned information from the handwritten news letters which were placed in the town squares or markets.
Task 3a
You know there are some words which are close in the meaning and usage, but still they are different words and are used in different situations. Understanding the peculiarities will help you to feel more confident while speaking English. Study the difference in meaning of some commonly confused words.
| magazine a periodical paperback publication containing articles, fiction, photographs, etc. | journal a newspaper or periodical with the specific inclination | ||
| edit to prepare (text) for publication by checking and improving its accuracy, clarity, etc. | publish to produce and issue (printed matter) for distribution and sale | ||
| print to reproduce (text, pictures, etc.) esp. in large numbers, by applying ink to paper or other material | type to write (copy) on a typewriter or a computer typeface the style or design of the character on the type | publish to produce and issue (printed matter) for distribution and sale | |
Task 3b
Translate the words in italics from Russian into English. Mind the information above and possible word building suffixes.
Task 4
Fill in the gaps with the appropriate preposition.
A The first news service …(1) England was supplied …(2) the great and wealthy people …(3) Elizabethian England (1558-1603). They had to spend part …(4) the year …(5) Parliament or …(6) the Law Courts, where they got news …(7) important events. They also exchanged daily gossip …(8) the crowds …(9) the streets …(10) London. But ….(11) the summer the rich went ….(12) their country houses. To keep …(13) touch …(14) the news they often employed private news-writers called Intelligencers (осведомляющий, доносящий), to send them regular bulletins …(15) the gossip …(16) the town. These reports were not printed, they were private letters …(17) a particular client.
B One …(1) the most popular categories …(2) youth-oriented magazines is the teenzines. These magazines play an important role …(3) shaping and reflecting the popular culture …(4) teenagers. Most teenzines are fan magazines dedicated …(5) 11 to 13-year-old girls. Teenzines got their start …(6) the 1950s, when popular music and motion-picture industry first started targeting young people …(7) a potential audience. The popularity …(8) these magazines grew in the 1960’s … (9)Beatlamania caused monthly circulation figures to skyrocket. Since then, rock music has dominated …(10) the content …(11) the magazines. Today these magazines print interviews with sexy superstars, discuss rock stars’ attitudes …(12) romance, drugs and love. Some …(13) the more popular teenzines are Tiger Beat, Teen Beat, 16, all …(14) girls. Male-oriented teenage fan magazines include Circus, Hit Parade, Metal, Cream.
Task 5
Fill in the gaps with the words from the box.
distinctive pink, world affairs, influential, provides, founded, editorship, circulation, slogan, renamed, coverage, press.
The Times
For a large part of its history, The Times has been the most … (1) British daily newspaper, essential reading for the traditional ruling classes. It was … (2) by John Walter in 1785, as The Daily Universal Register, … (3) The Times in 1788. By the mid-19th century it had earned the nickname 'The Thunderer' for its formidable editorials, and was renowned for its coverage of … (4) (it was the first paper to employ foreign correspondents). After a period of decline, its prestige revived under the …. (5) of William Haley in the 1960s and 70s, marked by a famous - and controversial - advertising … (6), “Top People Read the Times”. The Times, like its sister paper The Sunday Times, is now owned by the international … (7) magnate Rupert Murdoch. It is published in London, with a circulation of between 400,000 and 450,000.
The Financial Times
The Financial Times, a British daily, was founded in 1888. It … (8) full daily reports on the Stock Exchange and on world markets, and a comprehensive … (9) of business affairs. But it is also greatly respected for its general news reporting and analysis, and for its reviews of literature and the arts. More expensive than other daily papers, and printed on … …. (10) paper, The Financial Times is published in London, with an international edition published in Frankfurt, New York, and Paris. Its … (11) is around 290,000.
GRAMMAR FILE
Verbals are special forms of the verb such as infinitive, participle, gerund.
The infinitives are:
· the to – infinitive (e.g. I hope to publish my first article soon.)
· the bare infinitive (without to) (e.g. in the Middle Ages only few people could read or write.)
| tenses of the infinitive | ||
| active | passive | |
| Present | (to) edit | (to) be edited |
| Present Continuous | (to) be editing | --------------- |
| Perfect | (to) have edited | (to) have been edited |
| Perfect Continuous | (to) have been editing | --------------- |
| The to-infinitive is used | |
| to express purpose | He stopped in the centre of the street to read the advertisement on the bill board. |
| after certain verbs (know, decide, ask, learn, remember, etc.) followed by the question words, and some other verbs (advise, agree, appear, expect, hope, manage, want, etc.) | People learned how to print books in the 15th century. At the beginning of the 19th century some of the newspapers appeared to be too partisan. |
| after adjectives such as nice, sorry, glad, happy, afraid, etc. | He was glad to be appointed the chief editor of the city newspaper. |
| after too and enough | He is educated and experienced enough to be appointed the chief editor. |
| after would like, would love, would prefer to express specific preference | I would prefer to read a tabloid newspaper if I don’t need to learn political news. |
| The bare infinitive is used | |
| after modal verbs (may, should, can, must) | You can learn about what is happening in the country in the rubric “home news”. |
| after verbs let, make, see, hear, feel | Rupert Murdock made some experienced journalists leave the newspaper after he had bought the Times. |
The participles are:
· present participles (e.g. publishing);
· past participles (e.g. published);
· perfect participles (having published)
The participles are used:
| to express time | Having published the classified military documents the New York Times had to explain its position in court. |
| to express reason | Being unsatisfied with the newspaper partisanship John Gordon Bennett founded a new newspaper- the New York Herald. |
| instead of a relative pronoun and full verb | Journalists not working in the staff are known as freelancers. |
| as an adjective | A new advertising agency has been opened recently. Advertorial is an advertisement designed to look like editorial. |
The –ing form (the gerund) is used:
| as a noun | Reading is a very good habit. |
| after love, like, enjoy, dislike, hate, prefer to express general preference | Most businessmen prefer reading the Financial Times or the Wall Street Journal. |
| after certain verbs (consider, avoid, deny, look forward to, confess, risk, mind, suggest, etc.) | Joseph Pulitzer suggested using sport comments in the newspaper to attract more readers. |
| after it’s no use, it’s (not) worth, it’s no good, there’s no point in, can’t help, can’t stand, be used to, etc. | There’s no point in discussing the matter of possibility of invasion of privacy. It’s out of the question. |
Task 1
Read the sentences. Pay attention to the words in italics. State the type of a verbal (infinitive, participle, gerund). Translate the word in italics.
1. The early evidence of an official means of spreading news dates from 59 BC in Rome.
2. The Freedom of Information Act allows anyone to get information that elsewhere is simply not available.
3. In old England the traveling packman would bring news to the villagers of what was happening in the world.
4. The first written news service was supplied to the great and wealthy people in Elizabethian England.
5. Needless to say that people are not very happy with a strong tradition of investigative reporting because of the invasion of privacy.
6. The New York Times started to be published with its well-known slogan “All the news that’s fit to print” at the end of the 19th century.
7. A newspaper is a public-service publication offering readers articles and features on the whole range of interests.
8. Each of the national papers can be characterized as belonging to one of the two distinct categories: broadsheets and tabloids.
9. Associated Press news agency has over 10. 000 subscribers, which pay to receive AP news and photos.
10. The emphasis on revealing the details of people’s private lives has led to discussion about the possible need to restrict the freedom of press.
11. If you go into any well-stocked newsagent’s in Britain you will see rows and rows of newspapers and magazines catering for almost every imaginable taste.
12. To protect their reputation for objectivity, both AP and UPI have strict rules of professional behavior.
13. Careful effort to preserve objectivity is made even by such a monopoly newspaper as the Washington Post.
14. It is a mystery why in Britain reading intelligent papers should need highly-developed skills of paper folding.
Task 2
Translate the part of the sentence in italics into English using a verbal. The necessary verb is given to you.
1. Most serious newspapers provide extensive news coverage сообщающий (document) international, national and local events.
2. Big-city dailies are highly varied public-service publication предлагающие (offer) readers articles on a great range of interests.
3. Покупательская (purchase) price of the paper depends on the readership to a great extend.
4. The primary concern of the publishers is продать (sell) as many copies as possible and привлечь (attract) as much advertising as possible.
5. The newspapers try to observe none of the political parties to be чрезмерно представлены (over represent) on their pages.
6. In order привлечь (attract) the readers the newspapers used sensationalism.
7. The Economist has the reputation of one of the best weeklies in the world because its quality of написания материала (write) is very high.
8. The mass media in the US claim explicit recognition of their right быть (be) free from government control and censorship.
9. The British Daily Express is noted for its lively репортаж (report) and enthusiastic patriotism.
10. It is widely agreed that a tabloid format newspaper is very easy for the reader обращаться (handle).
11. The Guardian appeals mainly to middle-class readers who regard themselves as либерально-настроенные (mind liberally).
12. Often newspapers try to avoid платить (pay) for the news используя (use) the original newspaper story and цитируя (quote) the story indirectly.
13. The right критиковать (criticize) the government was established by the Zenger trial in 1735.
14. Journalists write their stories чтобы найти ответ (find the answer) to the ‘5Ws and H’questions.
& READING AND DISCUSSING 1
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