Pentagon papers

Times v. United States is generally considered a victory for an extensive reading of the First Amendment officially titled “United States – Vietnam Relations, 1945 – 1967. A Study Prepared by the Department of Defense”. The papers were first brought to attention of the public on the front page of the New York Times in June 1971. The newspaperhad no authority topublish classified documents. President Nixon’s administration argued journalists Ellsberg and Russo were guilty of a felony under the Espionage Act of 1917. After failing to persuade the Times to voluntarily cease publication a federal court injunction forcing the Times to cease publication after three articles was obtained. The Times publisher Arthur Ochs Sulzberger said: “We are really a part of history that should have been made available, considerably longer ago. I just didn't feel there was any breach of national security, in the sense that we were giving secrets to the enemy”.

The newspaper appealed the injunction, and the case New York Times Co. v. United States was soon heard in the Supreme Court.

On June 18, 1971, the Washington Post began publishing its own series of articles based upon the Pentagon Papers. Fifteen other newspapers received copies of the study and began publishing it.

On June 30, 1971, the Supreme Court decided, 6–3, that the government failed to meet the heavy burden of proof required for prior restraint injunction.

www.en.wikipedia,org

Task 2

Have you watched the film “Roman Holidays ”? If no you have a good chance to do it. How would you characterize the behavior of the chief editor of American News Service, a journalist Joe Bradley and a photographer Robin Randwich from the point of view of following the rules of professional ethics and possible career prospects?

Task 3

There is such a notion as ethical dilemma when you need to decide if the position of a journalist is ethical or not. Here is one of the examples of such dilemmas. Express your position on this matter.

Do you consider it ethical to use the nickname ‘redskins’ in the report about the football match if you know that the team is commonly known under this nick in the locality?

Give some other examples of ethical dilemmas you know or have come across.

CAREERS FILE

Task 1

You certainly know that one of the most important persons in the newsroom is the editor. But you may not know that there are different positions and different responsibilities of the editors. Read the text and fill in the missing words or word combinations from the box. Translate the editors’ titles. Think if there are similar job titles in Belarusian print media. Share your opinions if the functions and responsibilities of editors in the English language and Russian/Belarusian language newspapers correspond.

executive editors, managing editor, copy editors, design editor, editorial positions, production editor, contributing editor, editor in chief

Editing is the process of selecting and preparing written, visual, audible, and film media used to convey information through the processes of correction, condensation, organization, and other modifications performed with an intention of producing a correct, consistent, accurate, and complete work.

There are various __1__ in publishing. Typically, one finds editorial assistants reporting to the senior-level editorial staff and directors who report to senior executive editors. Senior __2__ are responsible for developing a product to its final release. The smaller the publication, the more these roles overlap.

The title of the top editor at many publications may be known as the __3__, executive editor or simply the editor. A frequent and esteemed contributor to a magazine may acquire a title of editor at-large or __4__. Mid-level newspaper editors often manage or help manage sections, such as business, sports and features. In U.S. newspapers, the level below the top editor is usually the __5__.

Copy editors correct spelling, grammar, and align writings to house style. __6__ write headlines and work on more substantive issues, such as ensuring accuracy, fairness, and taste. In some positions, they design pages and select news stories for inclusion. At U.K. and Australian newspapers, the term is sub-editor. They may choose the layout of the publication and communicate with the printer— __7__. These editors may have the title of layout or __8__ or (more so in the past) makeup editor.

www.en.wikipedia,org

Task 2

Practice jigsaw reading. Split into 4 groups. Read one out of the four suggested texts and complete the chart with the necessary information.

Share the information you have got with your group mates and you will finally get the completed chart (yours will need to be much bigger than this!).

job	what they do	where they work	additional information
Cartoonist
Columnist
Freelancer
photojournalist

A cartoonist is a person who specializes in drawing cartoons. This work is usually humorous, mainly created for entertainment, political commentary or advertising. Throughout the 20th century, cartoons were widely published in print media of various kinds, featured in magazines such as The New Yorker and Punch. Cartoonists may work in many different formats: animation, booklets, comic strips, comic books, editorial cartoons, graphic novels,manuals, single-panel gag cartoons or video game packaging.

The English satirist and editorial cartoonist William Hogarth, who emerged in the 18th century, has been credited with pioneering Western sequential art. His work ranged from realistic portraiture to comic strip-like series of pictures called "modern moral subjects".

A freelancer, freelance worker, or freelance is somebody who is self-employed and is not committed to a particular employer long term. Fields where freelancing is common include; music, journalism, publishing, screenwriting, photojournalism, event planning,copy editing, proofreading, indexing, copywriting, translating. Payment for freelance work also varies greatly. Freelancers may charge by the day, hour, a piece rate, or on a per-project basis.

The term was first used by Sir Walter Scott (1771–1832) in Ivanhoe (1820) to describe a "medieval mercenary warrior" or "free-lance" (indicating that the lance is not sworn to any lord's services, not that the lance is available free of charge).

A columnist is a journalist who writes for publication in a series, creating an article that usually offers commentary and opinions.Columns appear in newspapers, magazines and other publications, including blogs.

Readers often open a publication with an expectation of reading another short essay by a specific writer who offers a personal point of view. In some instances, a column has been written by a composite or a team, appearing under a pseudonym, or (in effect) a brand name. Some columnists appear on a daily or weekly basis and later reprint the same material in book collections.

Photojournalism is a particular form of journalism that creates images in order to tell a news story. Photojournalists create pictures that contribute to the news media.

Like a writer, a photojournalist is a reporter but he or she must often make decisions instantly and carry photographic equipment, often while exposed to significant obstacles.

The practice of illustrating news stories with photographs was made possible by printing and photography innovations that occurred between 1880 and 1897. The first known photojournalist was Carol Szathmari (Romanian painter, lithographer, and photographer) who did pictures in the Crimean War between Russia and Ottoman Empire, 1853 to 1856.

www.en.wikipedia,org

You can find information about some famous journalists representing these and some other spheres of journalism in text 6 in the SUPPLEMENT.

You can also read about one of the most prestigious awards in the field of journalism – Pulitzer Prize – in text 7 in the SUPPLEMENT.

Task 3

What sort of a journalist would you like to become? Explain what attracts you in this very job.

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