Relative to that of _____

Final Exam (40 pts)

A. Multiple-choice questions (0.5 pts x 30 = 15 pts)

1. _____________________________ emphasizes the idea that all creatures have equal rights and

values, being centred on nature rather than humans.

A) anthropocentrism

B) biocentrism

C) conservation

D) environmentalism

2. What is the major cause of all other environmental problems?

A) wars

B) overpopulation

C) depletion of resources

D) loss of biodiversity

E) pollution

3. Ozone layer, located in the _________________, is beneficial for the humans and other living

organisms.

A) troposphere

B) mesosphere

C) stratosphere

D) thermosphere

4. The atmosphere is air

A) composed of 20.9% oxygen.

B) composed of 78.1% nitrogen

C) contains greenhouse gases

D) all of the above.

5. One of the main driving forces of the wind:

A) pressure gradient

B) temperature

C) moisture content

D) weather conditions

6. Which air pollutant combines with atmospheric water to produce acid rain?

A) ozone

B) sulfur dioxide

C) carbon monoxide

D) carbon dioxide

7. The largest quantities of methane are brought into the atmosphere from

A) gas-burning electric power plants.

B) burning of coal at electric power plants.

C) manufacturing facilities

D) respiration of plants and animals.

8. Lead compounds are added to the gasoline in order to

A) enhance fuel efficiency.

B) increase octane number of the fuel

C) reduce emissions of green house gases

D) all of the above

9. Which of the following is NOT considered a "Greenhouse Gas?"

A) water vapors

B) nitrous oxide

C) carbon dioxide

D) hydrogen

E) none of the above

10. Global Warming potential is index used to compare the effect of a specific greenhouse gas

relative to that of _________

A) carbon monoxide

B) carbon dioxide
C) sulphur dioxide
D) argon

E) nitrogen oxide

11. Rivers and lakes represent only ______ of the total water resources on the Earth.

A) ~3%

B) 0.02%

C) 0.82%

D) 0.50%

12. Which country in Central Asia is rich in water resources and has more control over these resources:

A) Kyrgyzstan

B) Uzbekistan

C) Kazakhstan

D) Turkmenistan

13. Excessive amounts of fertilizers runoff into surround water reservoir and cause eutrophication.

A) True

B) False

14. Domestic water is mostly used for the following purpose:

A) taking a bath/ a shower

B) toilet flashing

C) drinking and cooking

D) washing dishes

15. Hydrogen represents

A) renewable energy source

B) primary energy source

C) secondary energy source

D) none of the above.

16. What should be on top of your list of energy saving measures?

A) turning off lights
B) insulation
C) closing windows
D) turning off electric appliances

17. Which of the following types of radiation is characterized by the highest energy?

A) ultra-violet radiation

B) infra-red radiation

C) visible light

D) microwaves

E) X-rays

18. Renewable resources are not inexhaustible resources.

A) True

B) False

19. Which of the following is NOT a fossil fuel?

A) coal

B) dung

C) natural gas

D) petroleum

20. Fossil fuels currently supply about ____ percent of all world commercial energy supplies.
A) 97
B) 87
C) 55
D) 33

21. Country with the largest reserves of oil in Latin America

A) Colombia

B) Mexico

C) Venezuela

D) Brazil

E) Argentina

22. The major problem associated with the use of natural gas as fossil fuel is:

A) low heating capacity

B) high level of pollution produced when burning gas

C) transportation problems

D) none of the above

23. Fuel efficiency of 8L gasoline per 100 km is equivalent to

A) 0.08 km/L

B) 12.5 km/L

C) 50 mpg

D) none of the above

24. At the present consumption rate, it is likely that coal reserves in the world could supply energy for human use for another ______ years.

A) 200 years

B) 50 years

C) 60 years

D) 20 years

25. Replacement of incandescent bulbs by fluorescent lights saves ________of electricity consumed.

A) 20%

B) 40%

C) 60%

D) 80%

E) None

26. Resources in Neoclassical Economics are considered as:

A) Resources exist in fixed (finite) amounts.

B) Expanded idea of resources: labor, knowledge, and capital.

C) Renewable and non-renewable resources.

D) None of the above

27. According to classic supply and demand theory, when demand is high supply is low, and market equilibrium occurs when supply equals demand.

A) True

B) False

28. All the following represent features of a Sustainable Commons EXCEPT for:

A) community members should live on resource

B) each community member may bring as many animals to the Commons as he/she needs

C) resource and use are to be actively monitored

D) effective conflict resolution mechanisms

E) Communal Resource Management Systems

29. The biggest off-shore oil deposit in Kazakhstan is

A) Tengis

B) Kashagan

C) Karachaganak

D) Kalamkas

30. Dominating Biome in Kazakhstan:

A) deserts

B) steppes

C) semi-deserts

D) forests

B. Fill in the blanks (0.5 x 2 = 1 point):

1. _____________________ sustanable development ___________________ is such development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

2. __________________ thermal pollution ______________ is raising water temperatures from normal level that negatively affects water quality and aquatic life.

C. Answer the following questions (5 pts):

1 (3 pts). Define the following major type of ecological problems: DEPLETION OF RESOURCES.

Justify your answer with proper examples.

2(2 pts). Define ACID RAIN and list its major components.

D. Solve the following problems (8 pts):

1(5 pts). The distance between Almaty and Taraz is 524 km. Driving on a highway from Almaty to Taraz, Saken’s automobile consumed full tank of gasoline AI-92. Next time when Saken visited Taraz dring the same car, he took gravel road and his gasoline consumption increased up to 68L.

A) Find fuel efficiency rates of his car on two types of road. Which road results in higher fuel efficiency? Justify your answer.

B) Find car emissions produced during one trip for each of these roads. Calculate their ratio.

C) How much money does Saken save per one trip Almaty – Taraz by taking highway instead of gravel road?

Use the following data: car emission coefficient = 2.42 kg CO₂/L;

tank size for Saken’s car = 60 L;

price of gasoline AI-92 is 91 tenge/L

gravel road – грунтовая дорога; дорога, покрытая гравием

2(3 pts). LED mobile advertising boards consume 50% less electricity than fluorescent advertising displays (using fluorescent bulbs) at the same light intensity. One advertising board is 1000W in power and illuminating city 8 hours per day.

A) Find monthly savings of electricity (in kWh) when using LEDs instead of fluorescent bulbs.

B) Estimate reduction in greenhouse gas emissions per month due to such replacement.

C) Calculate absolute (in tenge) and relative (in%) monthly financial gain per one advertising

board.

CO₂ Emissions Coefficient for Electricity = 0.75 kg CO₂/kWh

Ignore cost of the bulbs, use electricity cost 10.10 tenge/kWh

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