E. Graph analysis (8 pts).

The graph below represents evidence that supports global warming theory. Two curves: carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration in the atmosphere and temperature plotted versus time are given for the second part of 20th century.

a) From the graph find maximal and minimal carbon dioxide concentrations in years between 1970 and 2000. Calculate the relative rise in annual CO₂ emissions (in %) during period of time 1970-2000 yrs.

b) Estimate average annual increment into CO₂ concentration change for the time period of 1970 – 2000.

c) Based on the results received in (b) predict (calculate) CO₂ concentration for 2010.

d) Compare the number received in c) with real CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere, equal to 390 ppm.

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Final Exam (40 pts) 

1. Multiple-choice questions (0.5 pts x 30 = 15 pts)

1. Sustainable development is most closely related to which idea?

A) utilitarian conservation

B) biocentric preservation

C) modern environmentalism

D) global environmentalism

2. All of the following are believed to be the major consequences of global warming EXCEPT

A) violent weather
B) melting glaciers
C) rising sea level
D) trade winds

E) flooding

3. Increased concentration of ozone in the ______________________ is beneficial to humans and ecosystems.

A) troposphere

B) mesosphere

C) stratosphere

D) thermosphere

4. Air is considered as polluted with sulphur dioxide if its concentration in the atmosphere

A) is equal to maximum admissible concentration of sulphur dioxide in water

B) is less then maximum admissible concentration of sulphur dioxide in water

C) is higher then maximum admissible concentration of sulphur dioxide in water

D) is less or equal to maximum admissible concentration of sulphur dioxide in water

5. Which of the following types of radiation is characterized by the lowest energy?

A) microwaves

B) gamma rays

C) visible light

D) infra-red radiation

E) X-rays

6. The following type of wind is the result of Coriolis effect:

A) tornado

B) trade wind (or passat)

C) hurricane

D) monsoon

E) tsunami

7. All of the following represent pollutants, produced by agricultural farms, EXCEPT:

A) Herbicides

B) Ozone

C) Methane

D) Pesticides

E) Fertilizers

8. All the following types of pollution are non-material EXCEPT for

A) noise

B) radiation

C) soot

D) thermal pollution

9. Which of the following is not the product of combustion of gasoline?

A) methane

B) nitrogen oxides

C) carbon dioxide

D) sulfur dioxide

10. Kazakhstan’s only nuclear plant, currently shut down, is located in

A) Atyrau

B) Aktau

C) Semipalatinsk

D) Balkhash

11. Fresh water resources comprise ________ of the total water resources on our planet.

A) ~3%

B) 0.02%

C) 0.82%

D) 0.50%

12. All these Central Asian countries experience water shortages except for

A) Uzbekistan

B) Kazakhstan

C) Turkmenistan

D) Tajikistan

13. Primary reason of Aral sea ecological catastrophe is

A) global climate change

B) industrialization of Aral basin area

C) poorly managed irrigation system

D) all of the above

14. The addition of sewage and other organic waste into a water supply

A) increases pH value of the water

B) increases acidity of the water

C) none of the above

D) increases oxygen consumption by decomposers

15. Heat represents

A) gamma radiation

B) ultra-violet radiation

C) microwaves

B) infra-red radiation

16. Which of the following materials has the highest natural radioactive background?

A) sand

B) clay

C) peat

D) granite

17. Energy saving fluorescent bulbs use _______ less energy than regular incandescent bulbs, but produce _____________ amount of light.

A) 18%, the same.
B) 8%, more.
C) 80%, the same.
D) 18%, less.

18. Capital, as any form of wealth that contributes to the production of more wealth, includes

A) manufactured capital

B) human capital

C) natural capital

D) all of the above

19. External costs are best defined as those costs borne by someone other than the individual who uses a resource

A) True B) False

20. Resources in Ecological Economics are considered as:

A) resources exist in fixed (finite) amounts.

B) expanded idea of resources: labor, knowledge, and capital.

C) renewable and non-renewable resources.

D) none of the above

21. Sustainable use of natural resources implies:

A) their extensive use at the highest possible rate

B) replacing natural resources by new artificial sources of fuel, energy, food

C) rational use while doing no virtual damage to the resources and future generations

D) equal distribution of all the resources between the nations

22. Tragedy of the Commons: commonly held resources are inevitably degraded because self- interests of individuals tend to outweigh public interests.

A) True B) False

23. _ __________________ is one of the forms of renewable energy that converts ocean energy into electricity or other useful forms of energy.

A) tidal energy

B) hydrogen energy

C) hydropower energy

D) geothermal energy

24. Which of the following is NOT a fossil fuel?

A) coal

B) dung

C) natural gas

D) petroleum

25. Which country is the world leader in renewable energy use?
A) USA
B) Denmark
C) Canada
D) Japan
E) Netherlands

26. Most of the energy in Kazakhstan is produced by

A) Fossil-Fuel Power Plants

B) Hydroelectric Power Plants

C) Nuclear Power Plants

D) Wind Power Turbines

27. Normal rain acidity results from what gas in the atmosphere?

A) CO

B) NO_x

C) SO₂

D) CO₂

28. Ceyhan, the end point of the oil pipeline delivering oil from Baku, is located in

A) Georgia

B) Armenia

C) Turkey

D) Greece

29. Primary body that is responsible for nature conservation in Kazakhstan is

A) Ministry of Agriculture

B) Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources

C) Ministry of Environmental Protection

D) ‘Nevada-Semipalatinsk’ ecological movement

30. How many National Parks are there in Kazakhstan?

A) 8

B) 10

C) 12

D) none of the above

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