B) carbon monoxide
C) carbon dioxide
D) ozone
8. All of the following materials belong to primary air pollutants EXCEPT
A) particulate matter
B) sulfur dioxide
C) ozone
D) carbon monoxide
E) nitrogen oxides
9. Which of the following ways increase water supplies?
A) Building Dams and Canals
B) Towing icebergs
C) Seeding clouds
D) Desalination
E) All of the above
10. The largest reservoir of fresh water:
A) groundwater
B) rivers and lakes
C) ice and glaciers
D) wetlands
11. Natural resource, the main asset of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan:
A) oil and gas
B) mineral resources
C) water resources
D) coal deposits
12. Algal blooms in lakes
A) lead to an increase in the amount of dissolved oxygen present
B) are the result of excessive use of fertilizers on adjoining crop lands
C) cover large portions of the surface of the lake
D) all of the following
13. The part of Almaty below Tole bi street is more polluted with lead than the upper area of the city adjacent to the mountains.
A) True B) False
14. Seasonal winds on ‘water-land’ boundaries:
A) trade winds
B) totnado
C) monsoons
D) sirocco
15. Life span of an energy-saving fluorescent bulb is ___________ than that of a regular incandescent bulb.
A) 10 times longer.
B) 80% less.
C) 10 times shorter.
D) 80% more.
16. Idea of recycling the matter is a distinctive feature of
A) classical economics
B) neoclassical economics
C) ecological economics
D) none of the above
17. Internal costs are expenses borne by
A) those who are using a natural resource.
B) by someone other than the individual/company who uses a natural resource
C) by the owner of the land, on which a natural resource is located
D) none of the above
18. Resources in Neoclassical Economics are considered as:
A) Resources exist in fixed (finite) amounts.
B) Expanded idea of resources: labor, knowledge, and capital.
C) Renewable and nonrenewable resources.
D) None of the above
19. All the following are the ways to achieve Urban Sustainability EXCEPT for:
A) Maintain greenbelts in and around cities.
B) Encourage walking and low-speed vehicles.
C) Recycling wastes and water.
D) Unlimited city size, unlimited population growth
20. The largest gas deposit in Kazakhstan is
A) Tengis
B) Kashagan
C) Karachaganak
D) Kalamkas
21. Incandescent bulbs consume _____________ electricity than fluorescents bulbs
A) 2 times more
B) 5 times more
C) 5 times less
D) 2 times less
E) the same amount
22. The world's largest wind power producer
A) USA
B) Denmark
C) Canada
D) Netherlands
E) None of the above
23. _________________ possesses the largest oil resources in the world.
A) Russia
B) Kuwait
C) Saudi Arabia
D) Iran
E) Iraq
24. Fuel efficiency of 12.5 km per 1 L gasoline is equivalent to
A) 8 L per 100 km
B) 10 km/L
C) 50 mpg
D) none of the above
25. Gamma radiation is
A) high frequency electromagnetic radiation
B) high energy electromagnetic radiation
C) low wavelength electromagnetic radiation
D) all of the above.
26. A kilowatt-hour (kWh) is a unit of
A) power
B) energy
C) force
D) work
E) B and D
27. What is the name of the type of energy derived from hot springs and geysers?
A) tidal energy
B) wave energy
C) hydropower energy
D) geothermal energy
28. Water is considered as polluted with herbicide, if its concentration in water
A) is equal to maximum admissible concentration of herbicide in water
B) is less then maximum admissible concentration of herbicide in water
C) is higher then maximum admissible concentration of herbicide in water
D) is less or equal to maximum admissible concentration of herbicide in water
29. The second largest Biome in Kazakhstan:
A) deserts
B) steppes
C) semi-deserts
D) forests
30. Of the following fossil fuels, which is the cleanest energy resource (producing less pollution)?
A) Oil
B) Natural Gas
C) Coal
D) Dung
| BONUS assignment (3 pts): 15 questions. | |
| 1. The term “Ecology” was introduced by: | |
| A) | a) Liebig |
| B) | Commoner |
| C) | Shelford |
| D) | Heckel |
| E) | Vernadsky |
| Complex system that includes all interacting species in an area is called: | |
| A) | population |
| B) | ecosystem |
| C) | biosphere |
| D) | environment |
| E) | biome |
| If you measure the biomass of an ecosystem, you are measuring: | |
| A) | dry weight of all organic materials |
| B) | dry weight of organisms |
| C) | amount of consumed nutrients |
| D) | a number of individual organisms |
| E) | amount of energy produced |
| Primary succession is the sequential replacement of populations starting: | |
| A) | in a disrupted habitat |
| B) | in abandoned field |
| C) | only on dry land |
| D) | after a forest fire |
| E) | on bare rock |
| Plants and animals become adapted to life in particular biomes through a process of: | |
| A) | growth |
| B) | symbiosis |
| C) | evolution by natural selection |
| D) | eutrophication |
| E) | competition |
| Urban ecology studies: | |
| A) | desert ecosystems |
| B) | taiga ecosystems |
| C) | city ecosystems |
| D) | biosphere processes |
| E) | aquatic ecosystems |
| How many species of plants and animals are included in the Red Data Book of Kazakhstan? | |
| A) | 309 and 404, respectively |
| B) | 504 and 409, respectively |
| C) | 404 and 309, respectively |
| D) | 304 and 209, respectively |
| E) | 204 and 109, respectively |
| Environmental protection on international level are carried out under the aegis of: | |
| A) | UN |
| B) | EEC |
| C) | NATO |
| D) | WTO |
| E) | OPEC |
| The basis of biosphere’s living things functioning is: | |
| A) | air chemical composition |
| B) | day-night circle |
| C) | ocean waters chemical position |
| D) | biotic(al) substances circle (CYCLE) |
| E) | disasters |
| On of the global ecological problem is: | |
| A) | greenhouse effect |
| B) | soil humus layer increasing |
| C) | volcano eruption |
| D) | decreasing in pathogenic microbes number |
| E) | increasing of atmosphere oxygen concentration |
| A smallest unit of a substance that retains the properties if that substance is called: | |
| A) | atom |
| B) | cell |
| C) | subatomic particle |
| D) | molecule |
| E) | organelle |
| The ecology of single species is: | |
| A) | autecology |
| B) | synecology |
| C) | global ecology |
| D) | bioecology |
| E) | demecology |
| Detritus is: | |
| A) | humus |
| B) | dead plants and animals |
| C) | sediment |
| D) | bacteria |
| E) | sedimentary rocks |
| Noosphere is an area of: | |
| A) | human place of residence |
| B) | living organisms on Earth |
| C) | rational human being |
| D) | past life on Earth |
| E) | negative anthropogenic influence |
| Biological magnification is the process of: | |
| A) | accumulation of organics in the water reservoirs |
| B) | increasing concentration of hazardous waste (toxic substances) through food chains |
| C) | algal bloom in lake |
| D) | concentration of calcium deposits in the shells of dead organisms |
| E) | biogeochemical cycles |
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