E. Graph analysis (8 pts).

The graph below is Hubbert curve for Norwegian oil & gas production in Mbrls/day.

Explain the shape of this curve.

a) What was the maximum of daily oil & gas production in Norway in Mbls/day? When?

b) What was the level of daily oil & gas production in Norway in 2100 (in Mbls/day)?

d) Calculate the decline in oil & gas production (in %) within decade 2000-2010?

c) Estimate maximum annual production level in Norway (in Gbls/year).

Final Exam (40 pts) 

1. Multiple-choice questions (0.5 pts x 30 = 15 pts)

1. Sustainable development is most closely related to which idea?

A) utilitarian conservation

B) biocentric preservation

C) modern environmentalism

D) global environmentalism

2. All of the following are believed to be major reasons for global warming EXCEPT

A) increased industrialization by man
B) human reliance on fossil fuels for energy
C) methane produced by cows
D) destruction of the rainforests

3. Increased concentration of ozone in the ______________________ is beneficial to humans and ecosystems.

A) troposphere

B) mesosphere

C) stratosphere

D) thermosphere

4. The following type of wind is the result of Coriolis effect:

A) tornado

B) trade wind (or passat)

C) hurricane

D) monsoon

E) tsunami

5. The major component of photochemical smog is:

A) acid rain

B) particulates

C) tropospheric ozone

D) sulfur dioxide

6. Which of the following types of radiation is characterized by the lowest energy?

A) microwaves

B) gamma rays

C) visible light

D) infra-red radiation

E) X-rays

7. All the following types of pollution are non-material EXCEPT for

A) noise

B) radiation

C) dust

D) thermal pollution

8. Which of the following is not the product of combustion of gasoline?

A) methane

B) nitrogen oxides

C) carbon dioxide

D) sulfur dioxide

9. Currently, about ______ of the gasoline sold in the world still contains lead.

A) 20%

B) 40%

C) 60%

D) 80%

E) 100%

10. Fresh water resources comprise ________ of the total water resources on our planet.

A) ~3%

B) 0.02%

C) 0.82%

D) 0.50%

11. All these Central Asian countries experience water shortages except for

A) Uzbekistan

B) Kazakhstan

C) Turkmenistan

D) Tajikistan

12. Primary reason of Aral sea ecological catastrophe is

A) global climate change

B) industrialization of Aral basin area

C) poorly managed irrigation system

D) all of the above

13. The addition of sewage and other organic waste into a water supply

A) increases pH value of the water

B) increases acidity of the water

C) none of the above

D) increases oxygen consumption by decomposers

14. Heat represents

A) ultra-violet radiation

B) infra-red radiation

C) microwaves

D) none of the above

15. Which of the following materials has the highest natural radioactive background?

A) sand

B) granite

C) clay

D) oil

16. Energy saving (fluorescent) bulbs use _______ less energy than regular (incandescent) bulbs, but produce _____________ amount of light.

A) 18%, the same.
B) 8%, more.
C) 80%, the same.
D) 18%, less.

17. Capital, as any form of wealth that contributes to the production of more wealth, includes

A) manufactured capital

B) human capital

C) natural capital

D) all of the above

18. External costs are best defined as those costs borne by someone other than the individual who uses a resource

A) True B) False

19. Resources in Ecological Economics are considered as:

A) resources exist in fixed (finite) amounts.

B) expanded idea of resources: labor, knowledge, and capital.

C) renewable and non-renewable resources.

D) none of the above

20. Sustainable use of natural resources implies:

A) their extensive use at the highest possible rate

B) replacing natural resources by new artificial sources of fuel, energy, food

C) rational use while doing no virtual damage to the resources and future generations

D) equal distribution of all the resources between the nations

21. Tragedy of the Commons: commonly held resources are inevitably degraded because public interests of individuals tend to outweigh self- interests.

A) True

B) False

22. _ __________________ is one of the forms of renewable energy that converts ocean energy into electricity or other useful forms of energy.

A) tidal energy

B) hydrogen energy

C) hydropower energy

D) geothermal energy

23. Which of the following is NOT a fossil fuel?

A) coal

B) dung

C) natural gas

D) petroleum

24. The most efficient fossil fuel for making electricity is

A) oil

B) gas

C) coal

D) none of the above.

25. Which country is the world leader in renewable energy use?
A) USA
B) Denmark
C) Canada
D) Japan
E) Netherlands

26. Most of the energy in Kazakhstan is produced by

A) Fossil-Fuel Power Plants

B) Hydroelectric Power Plants

C) Nuclear Power Plants

D) Wind Power Turbines

27. Rising sea level is the evidence of

A) trade winds

B) global warming

C) ozone depletion

D) increased tides and ocean currents

28. Ceyhan, the end point of the oil pipeline delivering oil from Baku, is located in

A) Georgia

B) Armenia

C) Turkey

D) Greece

29. What should be on top of your list of energy saving measures?

A) turning off lights.
B) insulation.
C) closing windows.
D) turning off electric appliances.

30. How many National Parks are there in Kazakhstan?

A) 8

B) 10

C) 12

D) there is no

B. Fill in the blanks (0.5 x 2 = 1 point):

1. ___________________ Ecological Footprint ____ _____ _______ is a measure of land area (in ha) required to provide food, energy, water, housing, transportation & waste disposal for one person.

2. Absorption of toxins and their accumulation in the cells and tissues of organisms is called _ ___________intoxication________________ ____.

C. Answer the following questions (5 pts):

1(3 pts). Define the following major type of ecological problems: POLLUTION.

Justify your answer with proper examples.

2(2 pts). List at least three GREEN HOUSE GASES. For each of them indicate one major source.

D. Solve the following problems (8 pts):

1 (5 pts). Talgat was driving on highway on his Toyota Camry LE, having fuel efficiency rate of 12.5 km/L. After he made 100 km distance, his tires became deflated, and another 100 km he drove with deflated tires, spending 9.2 L on the second part of his trip.

A) Compare fuel consumption rates for deflated and normal tires. Calculate their ratio.

B) Estimate car emissions for these two cases. What is the result of tire deflation: increase or decrease in car emissions? Justify your answer.

C) What is the difference in cost of gasoline spent on these two portions of the highway?

Use the following data: car emission coefficient = 2.42 kg CO₂/L;

deflated tire ‑ спущенная шина

tire deflation – спуск шин(ы)

2 (3 pts). Small hotel management team decided to replace the remaining regular incandescent bulbs with LED lights, the latter consume electricity in the amount equal to 10% of the electricity consumed by regular bulbs. Assume the hotel had twenty 150W bulbs to be replaced with LEDs and they are working 8 hours per day on average.

A) Calculate annual savings of electricity (in kWh) by this hotel.

B) Estimate reduction in greenhouse gas emissions per year due to such replacement.

C) Calculate absolute (in tenge) and relative (in%) financial gain of the company per year.

CO₂ Emissions Coefficient for Electricity = 0.75 kg CO₂/kWh

Ignore cost of the bulbs, use electricity cost 10.10 tenge/kWh

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