E. Graph analysis (8 pts).

The graph below represents annual carbon dioxide per capita emissions in Kazakhstan.

a) Find maximum and minimum annual CO₂ emissions per capita. When did it happen?

b) Calculate ratio.

c) Calculate the relative rise in annual CO₂ emissions (in %) during period of time 2000-2008 yrs. Estimate annual CO₂ increment (in % per year).

d) Calculate the amount of total monthly CO₂ emissions in Kazakhstan in 2008, assuming that the population of Kazakhstan was 15.7 million.

1. Ecology is the science that studies:

A) pollution of the environment

B) life on our planet

C) interaction between the organisms and the environment

D) global changes

2. ___________________ implies that only humans are morally significant, and nature is an instrument for human manipulation.

A) Biocentrism

B) Anthropocentrism

C) Modern environmentalism

D) Utilitarian conservation

Short-run atmospheric conditions existing at a given time and location

A) wind

B) climate

C) weather

D) tornado

4. Seasonal winds on ‘water-land’ boundaries:

A) trade winds

B) totnado

C) monsoons

D) sirocco

5. Thermal inversion occurs when _______ air becomes sandwiched between two layers of ______ air and acts like a lid on a valley.

A) warm, cold

B) cold, warm

C) dry, humid

D) humid, dry

6. Which of the following air pollutants combines with atmospheric water to produce acid rain?

A) sulphur oxides

B) carbon monoxide

C) carbon dioxide

D) ozone

7. All of the following materials belong to primary air pollutants EXCEPT

A) particulate matter

B) sulfur dioxide

C) ozone

D) carbon monoxide

E) nitrogen oxides

8. Rivers and lakes contain more fresh water than groundwater.

A) True

B) False

9. The largest reservoir of fresh water:

A) groundwater

B) rivers and lakes

C) ice and glaciers

D) wetlands

10. Natural resource, the main asset of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan:

A) oil and gas

B) mineral resources

C) water resources

D) coal deposits

11. Algal blooms in lakes

A) lead to an increase in the amount of dissolved oxygen present

B) are the result of excessive use of fertilizers on adjoining crop lands

C) cover large portions of the surface of the lake

D) all of the following

12. The part of Almaty below Tole bi street is more polluted with lead than the upper area of the city adjacent to the mountains.

A) True B) False

13. Life span of an energy-saving fluorescent bulb is ___________ than that of a regular incandescent bulb.

A) 10 times longer.
B) 80% less.
C) 10 times shorter.
D) 80% more.

14. Idea of recycling the matter is a distinctive feature of

A) classical economics

B) neoclassical economics

C) ecological economics

D) none of the above

15. Internal costs are expenses borne by

A) those who are using a natural resource.

B) by someone other than the individual/company who uses a natural resource

C) by the owner of the land, on which a natural resource is located

D) none of the above

16. Resources in Neoclassical Economics are considered as:

A) Resources exist in fixed (finite) amounts.

B) Expanded idea of resources: labor, knowledge, and capital.

C) Renewable and non renewable resources.

D) None of the above

17. All the following are the ways to achieve Urban Sustainability EXCEPT for:

A) Maintain greenbelts in and around cities.

B) Encourage walking and low-speed vehicles.

C) Recycling wastes and water.

D) Unlimited city size, unlimited population growth

18. Incandescent bulbs consume _____________ electricity than fluorescents bulbs

A) 2 times more

B) 5 times more

C) 5 times less

D) 2 times less

E) the same amount

19. Electricity represents

A) renewable energy source

B) primary energy source

C) secondary energy source

D) none of the above

20. The world's largest wind power producer
A) USA

B) Denmark

C) Canada

D) Netherlands

E) None of the above

21. Power is defined as

A) capacity to do work

B) rate of flow of energy

C) force

D) none of the above

22. _________________ possesses the largest oil resources in the world.

A) Russia

B) Kuwait

C) Saudi Arabia

D) Iran

E) Iraq

23. Fuel efficiency of 12.5 km per 1 L gasoline is equivalent to

A) 8 L per 100 km

B) 10 km/L

C) 50 mpg

D) none of the above

24. Gamma radiation is

A) high frequency electromagnetic radiation

B) high energy electromagnetic radiation

C) low wavelength electromagnetic radiation

D) all of the above.

25. A kilowatt-hour (kWh) is a unit of

A) power

B) energy

C) force

D) work

E) B and D

26. What is the name of the type of energy derived from hot springs and geysers?

A) tidal energy

B) wave energy

C) hydropower energy

D) geothermal energy

27. The country with the largest natural gas reserves is

A) Russia

B) Iran

C) USA

D) Saudi Arabia

E) Afganistan

28. The second largest Biome in Kazakhstan:

A) deserts

B) steppes

C) semi-deserts

D) forests

29. The largest gas deposit in Kazakhstan is

A) Tengis

B) Kashagan

C) Karachaganak

D) Kalamkas

30. Urbanization is:

A) development of communications in rural side

B) increasing in Kazakhstan’s economics

C) propaganda of healphy lifestyle

D) emigration of urban population to the rural area

B. Fill in the blanks (0.5 x 2 = 1 point):

1.__________________ fossil fuels ___________ are organic substances, created from decomposed dead plants, animals and other organisms in earth’ crust during millions of years.

2. Major problems, associated with nuclear power plants are ___________construction costs______ and ____safety consern___________.

C. Answer the following questions (5 pts):

1 (3 pts). Define the following major type of ecological problems: GLOBAL CHANGES.

Justify your answer with proper examples

2(2 pts). Name several types of WATER POLLUTION, indicate their harmful impact.

D. Solve the following problems (8 pts):

1 (5 pts). Popular Russian automobile Lada Kalina consumes 6.6 L per 100 km on highway, while similar class Japanese car Suzuki Swift reaches fuel efficiency rate equal to 13 km/L on the same type of road.

A) Which car is higher in fuel efficiency? Calculate the ratio of fuel efficiency rates of these two cars.

B) Which automobile has lower fuel consumption rate?

C) Find monthly emissions for these two cars, assuming that both cars have the same monthly mileage of 1200 km.

Car emission coefficient = 2.42 kg CO₂/L.

2 (3 pts). Fluorescent bulb consumes 80% less electricity than regular incandescent bulb. Talgat decided to replace in his apartment five 100W regular bulbs with fluorescent bulbs producing the same light intensity. Assume that each bulb is working on average 6 hrs per day 330 days per year.

A) Calculate the amount of electricity in kWh saved per year after such replacement.

B) Estimate reduction in greenhouse gas emissions per year due to such replacement.

C) Calculate absolute (in tenge) and relative (in%) financial gain of Talgat’s family per year.

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