SYSTEMS OF THE BODY

There are nine main systems of the body: the skeletal, the muscular, the nervous, the circulatory, the digestive, the respiratory, the urinary, the endocrine and the reproductive systems.

The skeletal system consists of the bones of the body and ligaments and cartilages, which join them. The chief function of the skeletal system is structural.

The muscular system consists of the skeletal muscles and their associated structures. The main function of this system is to move us about.

The nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, nerves, ganglia and receptors. It is a complex information system with all the necessary means for receiving, processing, and communicating information.

The circulatory system consists of the heart and blood vessels and the blood, which is pumped through the blood vessels by the heart. Its function is chiefly that of transportation system: the nutrients, oxygen, and special substances which are required by cells are carried by the blood stream; and the cellular wastes and sometimes other materials produced by the cells are carried away by the blood stream.

The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and a number of associated glands.

The respiratory system consists of the lungs, the air passages leading to them and associated structures. Its main function is to convey oxygen to the lungs, where it can enter the blood stream, and to remove carbon dioxide, which escapes from the blood into the lung spaces.

The urinary system consists of two kidneys, which produce urine by removing nitrogenous and other wastes from the blood: the two ureters, which convey the urine away from the kidneys; the urinary bladder, where the urine is stored until it is discharged; and the urethra through which the urine is discharged.

The endocrine system consists of a number of glands throughout the body which produce regulatory substances called hormones. The endocrine system serves to regulate a large number of activities.

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 6. Answer the questions:

1. What is the function of the skeletal system?

2. What is the function of the muscular systems?

3. What is carried by the blood-stream?

4. What is the function of the respiratory system?

5. What does the endocrine system serve for?

6. Where are the hormones produced?

Exercise 7. Agree or contradict the following:

1. The skeletal system serves to move us about.

2. The circulatory system consists of the heart, the kidneys and blood vessels.

3. The main function of the respiratory system is to convey oxygen to the lungs.

4. The endocrine system consists of a number of vessels.

5. The urine is stored in the urinary bladder.

Exercise 8. Translate the following sentences:

1. Основна функція скелетної системи - структурна.

2. Система травлення складається з травного каналу і декількох залоз.

3. Основна функція дихальної системи - переносити кисень в легені і видаляти....

4. Ендокринна система служить для регулювання різноманітних видів діяльності.

5. Два сечоводи переміщають сечу з нирок.

6. Ендокринна система складається з ряду залоз по всьому тілу.

Exercise 9. Make the sentences interrogative:

1. The chief function of the skeletal system is structural.

2. The respiratory system consists of the lungs and associated structures.

3. The cellular wastes are carried away by the blood stream.

4. There are 9 main systems in the body.

5. The endocrine system serves to regulate various activities.

Exercise 10. Make the sentences negative:

1. The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood.

2. The nutrients, oxygen and special substances are carried by the blood stream.

3. The digestive system includes the alimentary canal and a number of associated glands.

4. The air can enter the blood stream.

5. The urine is stored in the bladder.

TEST

1. The chief function of the skeletal system is …

a) reproductive

b) respiratory

c) structural

d) motor

e) excretory

2. The main function of the respiratory system is to convey … to the lungs.

a) hydrogen

b) calcium

c) carbon

d) oxygen

e) carbon dioxide

3. The main function of the muscular system is … the body.

a) to rotate

b) to lay down

c) to rise

d) to straighten

e) to move

4. There are … main systems of the body.

a) five

b) six

c) seven

d) eight

e) nine

5. The nutrients, oxygen and special substances required by cells are carried out by the …

a) lymph

b) cytoplasm

c) blood stream

d) digestive system

e) alimentary canal

6. Two kidney produce … by removing nitrogenous and other wastes from the blood.

a) lipids

b) urine

c) carbohydrates

d) proteins

e) insulin

7. The endocrine system produces regulatory substances called …

a) lipids

b) urine

c) carbohydrates

d) hormones

e) proteins

8. The urine is stored in the …

a) kidneys

b) ureter

c) bladder

d) urethra

e) intestines

9. The two ureters convey the urine … from the kidneys.

a) into

b) out of

c) out

d) for

e) away

10. The nervous system is a complex information system … all necessary means for receiving, processing and communicating information.

a) of

b) with

c) by

d) at

e) to

Дата добавления: 2015-11-16