Christian church arrangement

2.1. types of Christian church buildings

Temple

cathedral

chapel

kirk [k¶:k]

Church

minster

chapel of ease

house of prayer

Archtectural styles:

Romanesque

Gothic

classic

rococo [r¶’k¶uk¶u]

Norman

Early English

baroque

2.2. parts of a church

Steeple

annex

parvis

churchyard/graveyard

bell-tower / belfry

oratory

porch

crypt

vestry / sacristy

refectory

confessional

tocsin

2.3. architectural detail

cruciform in shape

vault

lancet windows

dome

tympanum [‘timp¶n¶m] / drum

nave

stained glass

· guilt dome

Spire

niche

cross

· helmet dome

Apex

archway

crucifix

· onion dome

Buttress

side-chapel / side altar

crescent

2.4. church interior

aisle [‘ail]

pew

organ loft

clerestory

apse [‘æps]

· box pew

choir

calvary

Stall

gallery

· choir service

2.5. iconostasis

icon-painting

tempera

Tsar door / Royal Gates

prothesis (pl.-ses)

folding icon

drying oil

Deacon’s Doors

diaconicon [,dai’konik¶n]

Rows of iconostasis:

The Patriarch’s Row (topmost) - represents the initial Church of the Old Testament from Adam to the giving of the Law of Moses

The Prophet’s Row - shows the Prophets with texts from their prophecies concerning the divine incarnation. The central icon is usually that of “Our Lady of the Sign”

The Feasts of the Church / Festival Row - usually represents twelve main holy days - with maybe 4 more representing lesser festivals: Annunciation, Nativity, Purification, Baptism, Transfiguration, Raising of Lazarus, Palm Sunday, Last Supper, Crucifixion, Resurrection, Ascension, Dormition

The Deisis Row - The Greek word for “prayer” is represented by the enthroned Christ in the centre and the other figures turned towards Him, with the Virgin on the left and John the Baptist on the right, flanked by Archangels & then Saints or Apostles

The Veneration Row / The Local Row (lowest) - In the centre is the Tsar door, which leads to the altar, & which is often decorated with 6 panels, the upper 2 representing the Annunciation & the lower 4 Mathew, Mark, Luke & John with the Eucharist sometimes portrayed above the door. To the left there is always a large icon of the Virgin and Child and to the right either Christ or the Saint to whom the church is dedicated. The two side doors often depict the archangels Michael & Gabriel - that on the left leads to the prothesis & diaconicon, where the priests don their vestments.

2.6. altar

Altarpiece

high altar

· chancel table

credence / credence table

altar cloth

altar crucifix

sanctuary

canopy

altar rails

chancel

desecrated sanctuary

reredos [‘ri¶dos]

altar stand / lectern

2.7. church plate

holy oil

· censer for offering incense

pyx / pix

shroud [òraud]

holy water

chrism [‘krizm]

paten / patin

wafer [‘weif¶]

Incense

chalice / communion cup

tabernacle

rosary

Censer

crucifix / rood

shrine

aspergillum

· to cense

communion bread

relics

3. The Scripture

3.1. The Holy Bible (books of the bible) The Old Testament

Genesis

First Book of Kings

Ecclesiastes

Amos

Exodus

Second Book of Kings

Song of Songs / Song of Solomon / Canticles

Obadiah

Leviticus

First Book of Chronicles

Jonah

Numbers

Second Book of Chronicles

Isaiah

Micah

Deuteronomy

Ezdra

Jeremiah

Nahum

Joshua

Nehemiah

Lamentations

Habakkuk

Judges

Esther

Ezekie

Zephaniah

Ruth

Job

Daniel

Haggai

First Book of Samuel

Psalms

Hosea

Zechariah

Second Book of Samuel

Proverbs

Joel

Malachi

Apocrypha[¶’pokrif¶] (pl.)

First Book of Ezdras

Rest of Esther

Baruch

Prayer of Manasses

Second Book of Ezdras

Wisdom of Solomon

Song of the Three Children

First Book of Maccabees

Tobit

Ecclesiasticus / Wisdom of Jesus, the Son of Sirach

Susanna

Second Book of Maccabees

Judith

Bel & the Dragon

The New Testament

Gospel according to St. Matthew

Second Epistle to the Corinthians

First Epistle to Timothy

Second Epistle of Peter

Gospel according to St. Mark

Epistle to the Galatians

Second Epistle to Timothy

First Epistle of John

Gospel according to St. Luke

Epistle to the Ephesians

Epistle to the Titus

Second Epistle of John

Gospel according to St. John

Epistle to the Philippians

Epistle to Philemon

Third Epistle of John

Acts Of Apostles

Epistle to the Colossians

Epistle to the Hebrews

Epistle of Jude

Epistle to the Romans

First Epistle to the Thessalonians

Epistle of James

Revelation / Apocalypse

First Epistle to the Corinthians

Second Epistle to the Thessalonians

First Epistle of Peter

The Psalter (Book)[‘so:lt¶]

psalm [sa:m]

psalm-reader

Parable

3.2. Biblical names

Trinity (God the Father, God The Son, God The Holy Ghost / Spirit)

the Almighty the Blessed

· Old Testament Trinity

· Holy Trinity

Angel

God The Son: Son Of God, Messiah, Lamb Of God, Son Of Man, Bread Of Life, True Vine, King Of Kings, King Of Heaven, King Of Glory, Prince Of Peace

· angel of death

· guardian angel

Cherub [‘tòer¶b]

· Jesus Christ

Seraph [‘ser¶f], Seraphs

· Jesus Of Nazareth

Archangel

· Redeemer

Prophet

· Saviour

· Elijah the Prophet

Apostle

Saint

The 12 apostles: Peter, James son of Zebedee & his brother John, Andrew, Philip, Bartholomew, Matthew, Thomas, James son of Alphaus, Thedaeus, Simon the Zealot, Judas Iscariot Disciple

· Patron Saint

· St. John the Baptist

Saint & martyr

Satan: fallen angel, Prince of this world, Adversary, Common Enemy, King of Hell, spirit of evil, Beelzebub euphemisms: Old Nick, Old Harry, Old Scratch

Madonna: Our Lady, Mother Of God, Queen Of Heaven, The Virgin, Virgin Mary

3.3. biblical realities

Eden

Arch of Covenance

manger

Calvary

Canaan

Noah’s Arch [‘a:tò]

King Herod

· road to Calvary

Sodom and Gomorrah

Bethlehem

pharissees & scribes

Crucifixion

Babel

Nazareth in Galilee

Gethsemane

The Holy Sepulchre [‘sep(¶)lk¶]

Law of Moses

The Magi

Sanhedrin

3.4. church festivals

Nativity

· to baptize

Annunciation / Lady Day

Patron Saint’s Day

· Nativity Of the Virgin

Transfiguration

Easter [‘i:st¶]

Shrovetide [‘òrouvtaid]

· Nativity Of the Christ

Rising Of Lazarus

Passover [‘pa:s,ouv¶]

Passion Week / Holy Week

Christmas

Palm Sunday

Ascension (40 days after Easter)

Good Friday

Purification (of St. Mary/ of the Blessed Virgin Mary)

Last Supper

· to ascend

Holy Saturday

Crucifixion

Dormition / Assumption

Intercession

Candlemas

· to crucify

Exaltation of the Cross

Yule / Yuletide

Trinity Sunday / Whitsunday

Resurrection

Eucharist [‘ju:k¶rist]

Pentecost

Baptism

· to resurrect

Deposition of the Robe

fast:

to fast

to break one’s fast

Advent [‘ædv¶nt]

Lent

3.5. peculiar names of icons & churches

The Lady of Vladimir / Kazan, etc.

Our Lady of the Sign

4. Clergy

4.1. ranks of clergy

clergy / ministry / priesthood [‘pristhud]

Patriarch [peitria:k]

· diocese [‘dai¶sis]

canon [‘kжn¶n]

· patriarchal

· pontifical

chaplain [‘tòжplin]

Minister

· patriarchate

prelate

deacon [‘di:k¶n]

clergyman

cardinal [‘kadin¶l]

dean

junior deacon

priest

· éminence grise [eimi,na:hs’gri:z]

parson [pa:sn]

lay brother

Pope / Sovereign pontiff [‘pontif]

· parish

sexton [‘sekst¶n]

· St. Peter’s Chair / The Holy See /The See of Rome

archbishop [,atò’biò¶p]

vicar [‘vik¶]

church-ward [wo:d]

bishop / pontiff

· vicarage

4.2. church attire[¶’tai¶]/ vestment

pontificals / pontificalia [pontifi'keili¶]

mitre [‘mait¶]

cassock ['kæs¶k]

tonsure [‘tonò¶]

gown [gaun] / robe [r¶ub]

chasuble ['tòæzjubl]

4.3. functions of clergymen

ordaining [o:’deinih]

· preaching

absolution [æbs¶lu:òn]

to bless / give a blessing

· to ordain

sermon [‘s¶:m¶n]

to absolve / grant smb. absolution

· to ask a blessing

· to go into the church

homily [‘homili]

benediction

imprecation

the Pulpit [‘pulpit]

Sanctification

blessing

curse

Pulpits

· to sanctify [‘sæhkt¶fai]

“The blessing of the Lord be upon you all”

· to curse / put a curse

to preach [‘pri:tò]

· sanctified ground

excommunication / interdict

· preacher

4.4. monkhood

cloister [‘klost¶]

nun

eremite

abstention

nunnery [‘nʌn¶ri] / convent

Father / Mother Superior

vow

· to abstain (from)

monastery [‘mon¶stri]

novice / lay brother (-sister)

· to take / make a vow

temperance

abbey

to take the monastic vows

· to be under a vow

self-restriction

· abbot / abbess

to take the veil

· to fulfill a vow

self-torture

priory

to cloister

· to break a vow

fetters

· prior [prai¶] / prioress

asceticism

· marriage vow

habit

a cell

recluse

· vow of chastity / celibacy

cowl / hood

regular / black clergy

hermit

humbleness

hair-shirt

monk [mʌhk] / friar [frai¶]

anchorite

· to be humble

pilgrim

5. Christian rituals

religious rite

to pray (to)

matins (pl.) [‘mætinz]

religious procession

Sacrament

· prayer

vespers (pl.) [‘vesp¶z]

· processional crucifix

public worship/ divine service

· to kneel in prayer

night service

· cross bearer \ crucifer

to worship

liturgy

chanting

· processional banner

to say a service

mass

· to chant

5.1. Baptism

to baptize

· baptistery

font basin

godparents

· Baptist

font

baptismal water

godchild / godson / goddaughter

5.2. Holy Communion

to communicate / receive communion

to give communion

Eucharist [‘ju:k¶rist]

communicant

paternoster

5.3. Church wedding / marriage service

banns (pl.)

to forbid the banns

bridal couple

to exchange vows

5.4. Confession

to confess (one’s sins)

to repent

· absolution

· penance

to hear one’s confession

· repentant of their sins

· indulgence

· to do / perform penance for smth.

Confessor

to absolve (of)

to penance

· penitent

5.5. Funeral rites

Unction

· extreme unction

to say mass for smb.’s soul

to put a candle for

· to administer extreme unction (to)

burial service / mass for the dead

to pray for

5.6. Anointing / anointment

to anoint

the Lord’s Anointed

to crown smb

5.7. Interjections

Praise the Lord!

Hosanna!

Holy, holy, holy!

Lord bless us!

Alleluia! / Hallelujah!

Glory be to God!

Lord have mercy!

God save!

Exercise 3. Find English equivalents:

1. миссионер; 2. свобода вероисповедании; 3. христианский мир; 4. старовер; 5. обрезание; 6. языческие боги; 7. церковь при монастыре; 8. колокольня; 9. исповедальня; 10. купол; 11. скамья; 12. распятье; 13. икона-складень; 14. запрестольный образ; 15. аналой; 16. алтарь; 17. ладан; 18. кадило; 19. елей (миро); 20. плащаница; 21. четки; 22. кропило.

Exercise 4. Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right:

1. incense	a. a string of beads joined to a crucifix, used to count and separate the sequence of prayers;
2. censer	b. a circular piece of unleavened bread, as used in Roman Catholic Church in the administration of Eucharist;
3. chrism	c. a large crucifix in a medieval church, placed at the entrance to the chancel, a cross or crucifix;
4. rosary	d. an aromatic gum or other substance producing a sweet odor when burned, used especially in religious ceremonies;
5. wafer	e. the round metallic plate on which the bread is placed in the sacrifice of Lord’s supper;
6. pyx	f. concentrated oil used by certain churches in the rites of baptism, confirmation, etc;
7. rood	g. a covered vessel or box used for holding the concentrated Host, especially a watch-shaped container for carrying the Host to the sick;
8. paten	h. a vase or pan in which incense is burned, especially a covered vessel for burning and wafting incense in a religious ceremony.

Exercise 5. Find English equivalents:

1. Святая Троица; 2. Иисус Христос; 3. Богородица; 4. Ангел-Хранитель; 5. Всемогущий; 6. Успение; 7. Страстная неделя; 8. Святки; 9. поститься; 10. Великий пост; 11. епархия; 12. Папа Римский; 13. монахиня; 14. отшельник; 15. обет; 16. ряса; 17. заутреня; 18. всенощная; 19. церковное пение; 20. крещение; 21. купель; 22. венчание; 23. каяться; 24. отпускать грехи; 25. налагать епитимью; 26. помазать; 27. Слава Богу! 28. Господи помилуй! 29. Благослови нас. Господи!

Exercise 6. Find English synonyms:

1. rood; 2. paten; 3. pyx; 4. communion cup; 5. Mormonism; 6. side-chapel; 7. clergy; 8. minister; 9. St. Peter’s Chair; 10. Pope; 11. to ordain; 12. to bless; 13. cowl; 14. godchild; 15. to communicate; 16. cross bearer.

Exercise 7. State the difference between the following couples of words. Compose the sentences of your own to indicate the difference.

1. church – minster; 2. cathedral – temple; 3. steeple – belfry; 4. churchyard – crypt; 5. archway – aisle; 6. alter – prothesis; 7. Nativity – Christmas; 8. Crucifixion – crucifix; 9. Easter – Passover; 10. Advent – Lent; 11. clergyman – priest; 12. sermon – homily; 13. cloister – abbey; 14. monastery – nunnery; 15. recluse – hermit - anchorite; 16. to worship – to pray; 17. liturgy – mass;

Exercise 8. Match the English words with their Russian equivalents:

1. to convert into smth.	a. стрельчатые окна
2. communion bread	b. проповедники
3. minster	c. елей
4. confessional	d. алтарь
5. lancet windows	e. сутана
6. holy oil	f. освящение
7. chancel	g. настоятель собора
8. Ascension	h. воздержание
9. Transfiguration	i. Благовещение
10. Annunciation	j. исповедальня
11. dean	k. просвирка
12. gown/robe	l. Вознесение
13. pulpits	m. отпущение грехов
14.sanctification	n. Преображение
15. absolution	o. облатка
16. abstention	p. обращать во что-либо

Exercise 9. Match the words in column A with their definitions in column B:

A	B
1. pew	a. a place of prayer; a small chapel or a room for private devotions;
2. confessional	b. a large hemispherical cupola;
3. oratory	c. the slender, lofty turret or tower adjacent to a mosque, usually with one or more balconies used by a muezzin for summoning Moslems to daily prayers;
4. vespers	d. a compartment or cell in which a priest sits to hear confessions;
5. belfry	e. a religious service held in the late afternoon or the evening;
6. minaret	f. one of the benchlike seats fixed in the church for use by the congregation;
7. dome	g. a bell tower, attached to the church; the part of a steeple.

Exercise 10. Work in pairs. Check how much your partner knows about religions in the world.

1.Which religion:

a. has the largest number of adherents in the world?

b. has the second number of adherents?

c. divides families into four castes which rarely mix?

d. began in India in approximately 1500 BC?

e. Began as a break away from Hinduism in approximately 500 BC?

f. has a fish as one of its symbols?

g. believes that Adam, Abraham, Jesus, and Muhammad were all prophets?

h. believes in Brahman, the Absolute?

i. believes in Allah?

j. believes that on the Day of Judgement, men and women will be raised from the dead and will appear

before God to be judged and assigned to Heaven or Hell?

k. believes it is the only true religion?

2. Are the following statements true or false?

a. Fundamentalist Christians in America reject Darwin’s theory of evolution, and maintain that the world

was created as described in the Old Testament.

b. The Koran is the oldest surviving example of religious literature.

c. Hinduism says that, at death, the soul passes into another body until released from the continuous

wheel of rebirth.

d. Moses lead the Hebrews out of Egypt in about 100 BC.

e. Jehovah’s Witnesses will not except blood transfusions.

f. Mormons believe that Jesus Christ visited America after his resurrection.

Exercise 11. Which religion or church are these figures connected with? In some cases the same person is connected with more than one faith.

1. archbishop 2. bishop 3. brahmin 4. curate 5. dean 6. elder 7. lama 8. minister 9. mullah 10. priest 11. ayatollah 12. pope 13. rabbi 14. guru 15. vicar

a. Church of England (Anglican b. Buddism c. Hinduism d. Islam e. Judaism f. Lutheran Church g. Presbyterian Church h. Roman Catholic Church i. Russian Orthodox Church

Exercise 12. Complete the following sentences with the given words.

Angels Creation hell saints

blessing Devil mass sermon

cardinals diocese paradise service

congregation gospels parish sins

convert heaven prayers worship

1. A bishop is the head of …………………….

2. The district in the care of a vicar is a …………………….

3. God lives in …………………… surrounded by …………………….

4. In the Roman Catholic Church the pope is elected by …………………….

5. A church is a place of …………………….

6. You usually go to church to attend a ……………………, which in the Roman Catholic Church is called ……………….

7. During the mass we say ……………………, and the priest gives a …………………….

8. At the end of the service the vicar gives the …………………… his …………………….

9. The first book of the old Testament, Genesis, tells us about the …………………….

10. Adam and Eve lived in the Garden of Eden or …………………….

11. The first four books of the New Testament are called the …………………….

12. The bad things we do are called …………………….

13. God’s opponent is the …………………… and he lives in…………………….

14. Someone who has become a believer is a …………………….

Exercise 13. Which religion is characterized by the following names or expressions? Which is the odd man out?

1. Christ; Gospels; Resurrection; church; reincarnation; Holy Spirit; baptism; Ten Commandments.

2. Muhammad; Koran; Jesus; curate; muezzin; mosque; Muslim; Ramadan.

3. Moses; Tora; the Promised Land; Ark of the Covenant; saints; synagogue; the Holocaust.

4. Vedas; yoga; Ganges River; church; reincarnation; temple.

5. The Buddha; baptism; reincarnation; lama; pagoda; nirvana.

Exercise 14. Choose the right answer:

1. The vicar conducted the ……………… in the church.

a. class b. lecture c. meeting d. service

2. the lighted candles on the alter ……………… in the draught from the open window.

a. flickered b. shivered c. trembled d. wavered

3. Some people have their ……………… told because they want to know the future.

a. chance b. destiny c. fortune d. fate

4. They say that the ghost of a nun ………………the convent at night.

a. displaces b. haunts c. parades d. glides

5. The ……………… listened attentively to every word of the preacher.

a. audience b. congregation c. sightseers d. spectators

6. The approach to the temple was ……………… with marble.

a. coated b. faced c. paved d. plated

7. Early man used to ……………… the sun, the moon, trees and stones as his gods.

a. admire b. consider c. serve d. worship

8. An old ……………… on the gravestone gave the names of the deceased.

a. inscription b. label c. plaque d. sign

9. The Hindus are forbidden by their ……………… to kill cows and eat beef.

a. belief b. confession c. doctrine d. religion

10. In Britain, members of the ……………… usually wear a special white collar that fastens at the back of the neck.

a. church b. clergy c. priests d. vicarage

11. The chapel was built as a ……………… to those who died in the war.

a. memorial b. memory c. remembrance d. souvenir

12. Although he never claimed to be ………………he attended church every Sunday.

a. holy b. moral c. religious d. spiritual

13. The service was held to ……………… the sacrifice of those who had died in the uprising of 1864.

a. commemorate b. memorise c. remember d. remind

14. Do you really believe in the ……………… of the evil eye?

a. being b. existence c. occurrence d. realism

15. The yearly procession to the temple in honour of the local deity was an important religious ……………… in that city.

a. activity b. fast c. festival d. habit

Exercise 15. Put into the usual order.

1. absolution 3. determination to atone 5. penance 7. confession

2. sorrow for sin 4. Holy Communion 6. sin 8. temptation

Exercise 16. Complete the conversations with the words in the box.

agnostic	believe	higher power	mosque	practising
atheist	brought up	mass	out there	pray
became	converted	meditates	practise	supposed

1. A: Are you religious at all, Marie?

B: Yeah, kind of. I was (1)………… as a Catholic. My folks are quite devout, so we used to go to (2)………… together at least once a week, but I don’t really (3)………… anymore. I mean, I stopped going to confession year ago and I don’t really (4)………… much anymore. I do still go to church when I visit my parents, but that’s about it.

2. A: Are you religious at all?

B: No, not really. I mean, I do believe there must be something (1)…………, you know, some kind of (2)…………, but I don’t know if I’d call it God or what. I suppose I’d have to say I’m (3)………….

3. A: Are you religious at all, Ron?

B: No, not even in the slightest. To be honest with you, I don’t (1)………… in God at all. I’m a complete (2)…………. Religions have caused so many wars, I’d rather just believe in people instead.

4. A: Have you seen much of Will since university?

B: Yeah, I have actually. Did you know he (1)………… a Buddhist? He (2)………… a couple of years ago and he’s really serious about it now. He (3)………… for about three hours a day. He’s like a completely different person.

5. A: What religion are you, Budi?

B: I’m Muslim.

A: Oh, right. (1)…………?

B: Pretty much, yeah. I don’t eat pork or drink. I go to the (2)………… on Fridays, but I’m not as devout as some people. I mean, you are (3)………… to pray five times a day, but I just don’t have the time.

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