PRE – TEXT ASSIGNMENT
Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:
Deleterious [ delitiəriəs ], temperate [ 'tempərit ], throughout [θru(:)'aut ], susceptible [sə'səptəbl], menace [ 'menəs ], robust [ rəu'bΛst], faucial [ fə:siəl ], raw [rə:], myocarditis [maio(u)ka:daitis], mandatory [ 'mændətəri ], quarantine
['kwərənti:n ], successive [sək'sesiv ].
Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:
fibrin – фибрин
deleterious – вредный, вредоносный
temperate – умеренный
dissemination – распространение
experience – испытывать
susceptible – восприимчивый
menace – угроза, опасность
predispose – предрасполагать
robust – крепкий, здоровый
pillar of fauces – небные дужки
dreadful – плохой, ужасный
apt to smth – склонный, подверженный
employment – использование, применение
stiffness – онемение, одеревенение, окостенелость
raw – лишенный кожи, свежий, чувствительный
mandatory – обязательный, принудительный
successive – следующий один за другим, последующий
culture – выращивание бактерий
Exercise 3. Match the following English word combinations with Russian ones:
1. absorbed by blood stream 1. распространяться при прямом контакте
2. produce deleterious effect on 2. внезапное начало
3. spread by direct contact 3. всасываться кровотоком
4. put in an appearance 4. производить вредное действие на
5. healthy carrier 5. по расположению
6. according to the distribution 6. появиться ненадолго
7. insidious onset 7. здоровый носитель
Exercise 4. Read and translate the following sentences. Define the form and function of Participle I in the sentences:
1. Looking at some case reports the doctor explained something to his assistants. 2. The student is examining the patient together with the doctor- in-charge. 3. As the patient complains of a severe headache the nurse is giving him some medicines. 4. Examining the patient the doctor noticed some changes in his recovery. 5. The moaning patient didn’t hear when the doctor on duty entered the ward.
Exercise 5. Read and translate the text:
DIPHTHERIA
Diphtheria is an acute contagious disease caused by specific organism bacillus diphtheria.
It is characterized by local inflammation with fibrin formation of the mucous membranes, usually of the upper respiratory tract, with production of a toxin which when absorbed into the blood stream may produce deleterious effects on various parts of the body, especially the heart and peripheral nerves.
The disease exists throughout the world but is more common in temperate zones and during the colder months, autumn and winter. It is commonly spread by direct contact which must be fairly intimate. Dissemination by third objects such as clothes, toys, etc. may also occur and carriage by milk has been reported many times. Healthy carriers may disseminate the disease to susceptible persons and thus constitute a menace to public health. Children appear to be more liable to diphtheria than adults; although the most robust people may be attacked and those whose health is weakened by any cause are especially predisposed.
The incubation period is three to ten days. The disease may be divided into three main forms according to the anatomical distribution of the membrane: a) faucial or pharyngeal; b) laryngeal; c) nasal.
The onset of the disease is insidious with relatively moderate temperature reaction. In general, following an incubation period of about two days, symptoms set in like those commonly accompanying a cold. A slight feeling of uneasiness in the throat is experienced along with some stiffness of the back of the neck. The earliest objective manifestation of the disease is the formation of a thin film of fibrin on the tonsils which increases in thickness to form characteristic yellowish-white or grayish-white pseudomembrane.
The throat appears to be reddened and somewhat swollen. If the pseudomembrane is forcibly removed, it is found to separate from the underlying true mucous membrane with difficulty and leaves a raw, bleeding surface on which in the untreated cases a fresh membrane rapidly reforms. The lesion tends to spread over the pillars and onto the soft palate and uvula. Hence any membranous formation on pharyngeal tissues should immediately be regarded as a suspicion of diphtheria.
Myocarditis is the most dreadful of all complications of diphtheria. It is due to direct action of the toxin on the heart muscle.
Another severe complication is peripheral neuritis. It occurs in the form of paralysis affecting the soft palate and throat. Other forms of paralysis are paralysis of eye or even respiratory muscles, paralysis of a limb or both legs. These symptoms, however, after continuing for a variable length of time, almost always ultimately disappear.
The outcome of the disease depends mainly on one factor, namely, the early administration of adequate doses of antitoxin. Its employment in any recognized or even suspected case of diphtheria is mandatory and no physician can delay its administration. The second important measure is rest, the patient being kept strictly flat.
Patients suffering from diphtheria should be isolated for at least two weeks after the onset of the disease, and then until three successive cultures from the nose and throat taken not less than 48 hours apart are negative.
POST - TEXT ASSIGNMENT
Exercise 6. Answer the following questions:
1. What is diphtheria caused by?
2. Is it contagious disease?
3. What is the disease characterized by?
4. Where is diphtheria more common?
5. Who is more liable to diphtheria?
6. What is the incubation period of the disease?
7. What are the main forms of diphtheria?
8. What are its main symptoms?
9. What are its main complications?
10. What does the outcome of the disease depend on?
Exercise 7. Translate into English and make up 5 sentences with them:
oстрое инфекционное заболевание, местное воспаление, всасываться кровотоком, слизистая оболочка, вредное воздействие, во всем мире, распространяться при непосредственном контакте, здоровый носитель, быть более подверженным, самые здоровые (крепкие) люди, быть особенно предрасположенным, появляться ненадолго, отложить назначение, по крайней мере, начало заболевания.
Exercise 9. Give English equivalents to the words in braсkets:
1. Diphtheria is an (острое инфекционное) disease.
2. It is characterized by (местным воспалением) with fibrin formation of the (слизистой оболочки) of the (верхних дыхательных путей).
3. The disease exists (по всему миру) but is more common (в умеренных зонах).
4. It is commonly spread (при прямом контакте).
5. Сhildren appear to be (более подвержены) to diphtheria than (взрослые).
6. Most (крепкие) people may be (инфицированы) and those whose health is weakened by any cause are especially (предрасположены).
7. The earliest objective (проявление) of the disease is the formation of (тонкой пленки на миндалинах).
8. If the pseudomembrane is forcibly removed, it leaves (свежую кровоточащую) surface.
9. (Исход заболевания) depends largely on one factor, namely, (назначения соответствующей дозы антитоксина).
10. Patients suffering from diphtheria should be (изолированы) for at least two weeks after (начала заболевания).
Exercise 9. Fill in the articles where necessary.
The old man was seriously ill. He was running … high temperature.
I’ve … bad cold in … head. I must have caught … cold yesterday when I ran out into … yard without … cap on.
She overworked and had … bad headache. People who do not get enough … sleep often have … headaches.
I have only … slight headache. No pills for me, thank you.
I have … splitting headache and … bad cold in … head. I must have caught … cold. I am afraid I shall fall ill with … flu.
I have … sore throat. I feel … pain in my side. – You must stay in … bed and call … doctor in.
Take … table spoonful of … mixture twice … day after … meals.
I had … bad cold. I went to bed and drank … cup of hot tea with raspberry jam. It helped to beat down … temperature.
… weather was bad yesterday. I must have caught … cold when I was going … home from … work.
He stayed at … home and called … doctor in. … doctor diagnosed … case and prescribed him … medicine.
Exercise 10. Put the verbs in brackets in the appropriate tense:
1. Whom … the doctor … at the hospital every day? (treat)
2. What … you … now? (study)
3. What … the surgeon already …? (transfuse)
4. What … the surgeon … for two hours? (perform)
5. What … the lecturer … yesterday at 3 o’clock? (report on)
6. What … you … to do before you saw me? (decide)
7. What … the nurse … for an hour before the surgeon began the operation? (sterilize)
8. What … you … tomorrow at 6 o’clock? (do)
9. What … you … tomorrow? (take part in)
10. How many patients … the doctor … tomorrow by 5 p.m.? (hospitalize)
Exercise 11. Speak on following items:
Epidemiology of diphtheria.
Symptomatology.
Treatment.
Complications.
Quarantine.
Exercise 12. Compose a case history using the key words:
To be admitted to the hospital, to complain of, on physical examination, symptoms, to reveal, laboratory findings, antitoxin treatment, the course of the disease, convalescence.
MALARIA
Exercise 1. Practise the pronunciation:
Parasite ['pærəsait], swamp [swəmp], gnat [næt], endeavour [in'devə], tertian ['tə:∫ (ə) n], quartan ['kwə:tn], eventually [iventjuəli], heap [hi:p], height [hait], duly ['djuli], quinine [ 'kwini:n ], drastic [ 'dræstik ].
Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:
swamp – болото
pool – ставочок, калюжа
gnat – комар
flourish – процвітати
endeavour – намагатися, докладати зусиль
tertian – триденна пропасниця
quartan – чотириденна малярія
respectively – відповідно
offspring – паросток, нащадок
eventually – кінець кінцем, зрештою
betake – утікати, дременути
heap – нагромаджувати, складати
flush – прилив крові, рум'янець
height – пік
break out –спалахнути
duly – у належний час
drastic – радікальний
locality – місцевість
sanitate – поліпшувати санітарні умови
survey – огляд
Exercise 3. Match the following word combinations:
Onset of the attack – 1. своєчасно призначене лікування
Course of the disease – 2. радикальні заходи
Duly administered treatment – 3. поліпшувати санітарні умови місцевісті
Drastic measures – 4. огляд населення
To sanitate locality – 5. початок приступа
Survey of population – 6. течія (хід) захворювання
A cause of the disease – 7. пік хвороби
A height of the disease – 8. причина захворювання
Exercise 4. Choose one or more adjectives from the list B to modify nouns from the list A so as to make sense. Translate the word combinations into the native language.
List A: complications, measures, treatment, stage, form, climate, gland, headache, attack, phase, corpuscles, course, preparations.
List B: drastic, duly, sweating, salivary, red, tropical, severe, administered, hot, tertian, temperate, endocrine, thyroid, bad, malarial, blood.
Exercise 5. Form the following adverbs and translate them.
Model: local- locally
Probable, considerable, chief, late, recent, severe, main, clear, different, deep, necessary, sufficient, tropical, respective, final, successful, extreme.
Exercise 6. Memorize the meaning of the following term-elements.
Cry(o) - [kriəu] – combining form of Greek origin denoting cold
Therm(o) – [Ɵə:məu] – combining form of Greek origin denoting heat, temperature
End(o) – [endəu] – combining form of Greek origin denoting within or inner
1.Absence of the ability to sense heat and coldness - ….
2. Exceptional sensitivity to low temperature -….
3. A technique for measuring and recording the heat produced by different parts of the body - ….
4. Within the material of a cartilage - ….
5. A device for registering temperature - ….
6.The use of heat to alleviate pain and stiffness in joints and muscles -….
7. A parasite that lives inside its host - ….
8. Preservation of tissues by freezing - ….
9. A chamber in which frozen tissue is sectioned with a microtome - ….
10. Arising within or derived from the body - ….
11. The physiological process of regulating or adjusting body temperature - ….
12. An abnormal sense of pain that is felt when part of the body is warmed - …
13. The inner cytoplasm of cells - ….
14. The use of extreme cold in a localized part of the body to freeze and destroy unwanted tissue - ….
(Thermometer, thermotazis, thermoanaesthesia, thermoalgesia, thermotherapy, thermography, cryostat, cryopreservation, cryasthesia, cryosurgery,endogenous, endoscope, endochondral, endoplasm, endoparasite)
Exercise 7. Translate into Russian paying Attention to the Complex Subject:
1.The disease is known to exist all round the world.
2. It has long been noticed that gnats seem to flourish together with malaria.
3. The temperature is found to be considerably raised in this patient.
4. Some metastatic liver lesions are found to displace vessels.
5. The drug appears to produce no side effect.
6. Patients with perforated ulcers are known to complain of an acute pain in the stomach.
7. This diagnosis is found to be correct in only a few cases.
8. Penicillin is considered to be the most effective drug in treatment of inflammation.
9. Respiratory function is known to vary considerably.
10. Vitamins are known to be divided into water-soluble and fat- soluble.
Exercise 8. Read and translate the text:
MALARIA
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by the presence in the human blood of the Plasmodium malariae.
The disease is known to exist all round the world but is chiefly found in tropical climates spreading here and there into temperate regions where it occurs in summer and autumn. The presence of swamps, pools are also important factors. It has long been noticed that gnats or as they called in the tropics mosquitoes seem to flourish together with malaria and several scientists endeavoured to establish a connection between the two.
There are three main kinds of malarial parasites to be distinguished; those causing the tertian, the quartan and the tropical forms of malaria respectively. The malarial parasite, Plasmodium malaria, passes one phase of its lifecycle in man (the asexual phase) and the other in the stomach and tissues of the mosquito (the sexual phase). After its development in the mosquito’s stomach the resulting offspring eventually find their way into the mosquito’s salivary glands. When the infected female mosquito bites a human being these parasites enter human red blood corpuscles.
The acute malarial attacks have in general three stages. These are the cold stage, the hot stage and the sweating stage.
The cold stage begins with a feeling of chilliness even in the hottest weather. This increases till the person has to betake him to bed and heap himself with clothes, face and nails being blue and the whole body shaken with shivering. Nevertheless the temperature is found to be considerably raised. This stage lasts an hour or less.
The hot stage comes on as the temperature of the body rises, beginning with hot flushes which lengthen till the body feels burning hot, the temperature rising to 40’ or 41’C. There are also headache, sickness, pains throughout the body and sometimes even delirium. This stage may last several hours.
The sweating stage comes on after the fever reaches its height, as the temperature begins to fall. Profuse perspiration breaks out, the person begins to feel better, and the headache and pains at the same time pass off. Finally after three or four hours the patient feels quite well though much weakened.
Having gone through the three stages of a malarial attack patients feel recovered until the onset of the next attack.
Severe vomiting and diarrhea may sometimes complicate the course of the disease. Duly administered treatment with quinine or other preparations as a rule soon interrupts the course of malarial attacks.
As it is generally known that “prevention is better than cure” drastic measures should be taken to sanitate localities, to reduce the number of mosquitoes, to detect carriers and to carry out the survey of the population.
Exercise 9. Answer the following questions:
1. What is malaria caused by?
2. Where is the disease chiefly found?
3. What are the three main forms of malaria?
4.When do the parasites enter human red blood corpuscles?
5. What three stages have the acute malarial attacks?
6. What are the symptoms of the cold stage?
7. What stage is characterized by hot flushes?
8. When does the fever reach its height?
9. What complicates the disease?
10.What preventive measures should be taken?
Exercise 10. Translate into English the following word combinations:
Встановити зв'язок між чим-небудь, навіть в найжаркішу погоду, відправлятися в ліжко, надягати багато одягу, трястися від тремтіння, горіти від жари, біль по всьому тілу, відчувати себе досить добре, відчувати себе таким, що видужав, своєчасно призначене лікування медичними препаратами, радикальна міра, проводити санітарну обробку території, пік хвороби.
Exercise 11. Is it true or false?
1. Malaria is a chronic disease.
2. There are many kinds of malarial parasites.
3. The disease is chiefly found in temperate climate.
4. Gnats seem to flourish together with malaria.
5.The cold stage starts with the feeling of burning.
6. The acute malarial attacks have in general three stages.
7. The main complications of the disease are blindness and heart failure.
8. Having gone through the three stages of a malarial attack patients feel recovered until the onset of the next attack.
9. The disease isn’t known to exist all round the world
10. It is better to cure than to prevent the disease.
Exercise 12. IT’S INTERESTING TO REMEMBER:
Fever = pyrexia (also remember PUO – pyrexia of uknown origin)
Fever is also known as temperature. – I’ve got a temperature.
Adjectives = feverich/ febrile and pyrexial
Opposites = afebrile / apyrexial
Some symptoms of fever: sweating, rigors (severe shivering and sensation of coldness, also known as chills).
Describe the state of patient with malaria using the new terms.
Exercise 13. Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions. Translate the sentences.
1. All infectious diseases are similar … origin.
2. The findings of the intradermal tests proved to be … great diagnostic importance.
3. The patient’s sensitivity … penicillin should be studied before the treatment is begun.
4. Much progress has been achieved … treating bronchial asthma … the last few years.
5. The child was noted to be allergic … definite inhalant preparations.
6. Infections differ … other diseases …a number …aspects.
7. The incubation period is the period between the invasion … the tissues by pathogens and the appearance … clinical features of infection.
8. The period … infectivity is the time that the patient is infectious … others. 9. Many infections are preventable … hygienic measures, … vaccines or … drug prophylaxis (… example, chloroquine to prevent malaria).
10. Communicability is another factor which differentiates infections … non -infectious diseases.
Exercise 14. Translate into English using Complex Subject:
1. Як виявилось, значно зменшена вага і сильна лихоманка є ознаками важкого захворювання.
2. Вакцина виявилася безпечною.
3. Очікується, що клінічні випробування почнуться наступної весни.
4. Виявилось, що у хворого алергія до антибіотиків.
5. Відомо, що молочні продукти містять 100 різних речовин, корисних для людини.
6. Відомо, що просування їжі по кишечнику може тривати від 12 до 72 годин.
7. Виявилось, що характерними клінічними проявами захворювання є кровотеча, блювота і нудота.
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