Fill in prepositions where necessary.

1. … night I felt a sharp pain … my right side … my leg.
2. A lot of people worldwide suffer …… diabetes.
3. Doctors should instruct their patients … self-glucose monitoring.
4. The cause of diabetes depends ….. the type.
5. You look ill. Why don’t you go and consult … the doctor. Health is worth taking care ….
6. Glucose absorption leads … changes in the shape of the lenses of the eyes.
7. Type 2 diabetes may be controlled … medications.
8. Most unfortunately he fell ill … pneumonia just … the middle … his holidays when he was on a tour … the south.
9. The boy falls ill … quinsy practically every other month.
10. I must have caught a flu on coming … an overheated cinema … the cold, damp air. I thought, judging … the symptoms, that it was only a cold, but when my temperature rose and my headache grew worse, I sent … a doctor. The doctor looked … my tongue, felt … my pulse. Listened … my heart and lungs and took my temperature. “It’s quite clear what’s wrong … you,” he said. You have got the flu. Stay … bed … few days and drink hot tea … lemon.”
11. He complained … splitting headache.
12. The doctor told the patient to strip … the waist and listened … his heart and lungs.
13. This medicine is very good … quinsy.
14. What’s the matter with you? – Oh, I’m feeling fit … nothing.
15. I was ill … bronchitis and had to stay out … … shool … a aweek.

13. Put the questions to the underlined words:

1. There are three main types of diabetes.
2. Type 2 diabetes results from insulin resistance.
3. 171 million people worldwide suffer from diabetes.
4. The classical symptoms of diabetes are polyuria, polydipsia and polyphagia.
5. Type 2 diabetes may be controlled with medications.
6. Symptomatic hyperglycemia may persist for days or weeks.
7. All patient should be instucted in self-glucose monitoring.

Open the brackets and put the verbs in the correct tense and voice.

1. The patient (to suffer) from diabetes for 10 years.
2. The cause of diabetes (to depend) on the type.
3. Type 2 diabetes (to result) from insulin resistance.
4. Diabetes (to suspect) in case of rapid vision changes.
5. Symptomatic hyperglycemia (persist) for days or weeks.
6. All patients (to instruct) in self-glucose monitoring.
7. Treatment regimens (to differ).
8. Insulin (to become) available in 1921.
9. Lifestyle and genetics (to cause) type 2 diabetes.
10. One of the main Mr. Willis’s complaints (to be) blurred vision.

Explain the following terms.

Diabetes mellitus, polyuria, dehydration, foot ulcer, insulin.

G O I T E R

Exercise 1. Practise the pronunciation of the following words:

Thyroid ['θairɔid], iodine ['aiəudi:n], mountainous ['mauntinəs], survey ['sə:vei], cretinism ['kretinizm], impairment [im'pεəmənt], dwarfism ['dwɔ:fizm], fortify ['fɔ:tifai], require [ri'kwaiə]

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:

Goiter - зоб

Lack (of) - нестача, відсутність

To require - вимагати

Soil - земля, грунт

To affect - уражати

Community -спільність

Stillbirth – народження мертвого плода

Miscarriage - викидень

Dwarfism - карликовість

Impairment - порушення

To fortify – укріпляти, посилювати

To result in – мати результатом, приводити

To involve – спричиняти, включати

Exercise 3. Translate the word combinations:

Noncancerous, thyroid gland, the most common cause, mountainous regions, iodine, mental, brain, salivary glands, a runny nose, table salt, production, diet, metabolism, taste, disorder, weakness, seafood, to detect, to regulate, condition, diffuse, nodule.

Exercise 4. Form the following new words and translate them:

-Y: run, rain, sun, wind, fun, fog, bone, blood, health, sleep, taste, water, noise, dirt, ease.

-MENT: enlarge, impair, develop, achieve, treat, require, equip, move, establish, appoint, measure, excite, argue, state.

-ISM: cretin, giant, hyperthyroid, hypoinsulin, narcotic, embole, iodine, human, alcohol, fatal, hero, Darwin, evolution, modern, criticize;

-NESS: weak, deaf, dull, cold, ill, fresh, red, tired, restless, calm, kind, polite, cool, dry, dark.

Exercise 5. Choose the correct definitions to the following terms:

1) metabolism 1) poisoning induced by ingestion of iodine or its compounds;

2) iodism 2) an endocrine gland of vertebrates, consisting in man of two lobes near the base of the neck. It secretes hormones that control metabolism and body growth;

3) thyroid gland 3)the condition of being a dwarf;

4) dwarfism 4) a condition arising from a deficiency of thyroid hormone, present from birth, characterized by dwarfism and mental retardation;

5)cretinism 5)the sum total of the chemical processes that occur in living organism, resulting in growth, production of energy, elimination of waste material, etc.

Exercise 6. Form the degrees of comparison of the following adjectives and adverbs:

little, warm, lately, frequent, high, clear, shy, bad, far, good, comfortable, great, much, big, rare, rich, fur, necessary, dangerous, little, cold, many, useful, easy.

Exercise 7. Give English equivalents to the following words:

Бідний, самий розповсюджений, самий кращий, менше, більше, рідкий, більш (у розмірі), достатній, гірше, цікавий, далекий, cамий небезпечний.

Exercise 8. Read and translate the text:

GOITER

A goiter is a noncancerous enlargement of the thyroid gland in the front of the neck. The enlargement may be diffuse – involving most of the gland, or localized – limited to a particular area, as in a solitary (single) nodule. Many conditions can cause goiter, but the most common is a lack of sufficient iodine in the diet, which is usually a result of the soil in which food is grown being iodine-poor—a condition that occurs in many mountainous regions away from the sea. Iodine is required for the production of thyroid hormones, which regulate the body's metabolism.

Surveying communities for goiter is one of the best ways of detecting iodine deficiency, which, if not treated, can cause stillbirths, miscarriages, cretinism, mental impairments, deafness, and dwarfism.

An excess too much, or a deficiency –too little, of circulating hormones causes a wide range of medical conditions, for example hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Where there is an excess of hormone, one form of treatment consists of giving the patient something which inhibits the production of hormone, as in the use of carbimazole to treat hyperthyroidism. When a hormone is deficient, treatment may be by replacement therapy, for example injections of insulin in the treatment of Type I diabetes.

Iodine deficiency is the most common preventable cause of brain damage and mental retardation, affecting about 50 million people worldwide. However, these disorders have been reduced simply by using table salt fortified with iodine.

Adults require at least 20 micrograms of iodine daily, but 150 micrograms is recommended. Seafood is excellent source, while the iodine content of other foods varies depending on animal feed and soil. Iodism (iodine poisoning) is a rare condition that results in weakness, swollen salivary glands, a metallic taste in the mouth, and a runny nose.

Exercise 9. Answer the following questions:

1. What is goiter?

2. What is required for the production of thyroid hormones?

3. What is the most common cause of goiter?

4. What is hyperthyroidism?

5. What is hypothyroidism?

6. What can goiter cause?

7. What does iodism result in?

8. What is one of the best way of detecting iodine deficiency?

9. How much iodine do adults require daily?

10. What is the excellent source of iodine?

Exercise 10. Give English equivalents of the following word combinations:

Розумова відсталість, пошкодження мозоку, гірській район, поганий грунт, збільшення щитовидної залози, столова сіль, отруєння йодом, рідкий стан, металевий смак у роті, опухлі слинні залози, самітний вузлик, лікування хвороби, нежить, регулювати обмін речовин, замінне лікування.

Exercise 11. Continue the sentences:

1. The most common cause of goiter is ….

2. Thyroid hormones ….

3. Surveying communities for goiter is ….

4. If not treated goiter can cause ….

5. Iodine deficiency affects ….

6. Seafood is ….

7. The enlargement may be …..

8. Iodism results in ….

9. Iodine deficiency may lead to ….

10. A lack of sufficient iodine in the diet occurs in ….

Exercise 12. Find 7 words formed by conversion:

E.g. play– to play

Exercise 13. Open the brackets and use verbs in the correct tense and voice:

1. The number of goiter cases (to vary) greatly by region.

2. Iodine (to require) for the production of thyroid substances.

3. Thyroid hormones (to regulate) the body’s metabolism.

4. Iodine deficiency (to affect) about 50 million people worldwide.

5. Iodine deficiency (can, to cause) mental impairments, miscarriages, cretinism, etc.

6. The table salt (to fortify) with iodine.

7. A lack of sufficient iodine in the diet (to result from) the iodine - poor soil in which food is grown.

8. The examination (to reveal) an enlarged thyroid, red sweaty palms and a fine tremor of the hands.

9. An enlarged thyroid gland (to call) a goiter.

10.Hyperthyroidism (to confirm) by the correct examination.

Exercise 14. Make up questions to the underlined words:

1. Adults require 20 micrograms of iodine daily.

2. Iodism is a rare condition.

3. Iodism results in weakness, swollen salivary glands and a runny nose.

4. Iodine is required for the production of thyroid hormones.

5. Many conditions can cause goiter.

6. About 740 million people have goiter.

7. A lack of sufficient iodine in the diet occurs in many mountaneous regions.

8. She has noticed that her hands have a tendency to shake.

9. Recently she has developed palpitations, heat intolerance and diarrhea.

10. Sufferers of type I diabetes are deficient in insulin.

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