Atherosclerosis

Exercise 1. Learn the active vocabulary:

thicken згущувати(ся) accumulation нагромадження, накопичення cholesterol холестерин hardening твердіння furring утворення нальоту multiple численний

plaque кров'яна бляшка enable робити можливим, полегшувати, давати змогу overstrain перенапруження cumulative сукупний rupture розриватися

Exercise 2. Match the words from the active vocabulary with their definitions:

1) cholesterol 2) hardening 3) plaque 4) rupture 5) overstrain 6) accumulation

a) a fatty deposit inside an arterial wall b) excessive tension c) a white crystalline substance, found in animal tissues and various foods, that is normally synthesized by the liver and is important as a constituent of cell membranes. Its level in the bloodstream can influence the pathogenesis of certain conditions, such as the development of atherosclerotic plaque and coronary artery disease. d) to break or to tear e) gradual gathering of something f) the process of becoming hard or harder

Exercise 3. Translate the following word combinations:

Arteriosclerotic vascular disease, accumulation of fatty materials, hardening or furring of the arteries, formation of multiple plaques within the arteries, remain asymptomatic for decades, meta­bolic disturbances, disturbances of cholesterol exchange, external evidence of the disease, preven­tive measures, follow a certain regimen, sound sleep, enable the nerve cells to rest, exclude mental and physical overstrain, incidence of atherosclerosis, insufficient physical activity, affect unfavourably, sufficient amount of proteins, take in limited doses, dilate peripheral vessels, improve general condition, advanced atherosclerosis.

Exercise 4. Read and translate the text:

Atherosclerosis and Its Treatment

Atherosclerosis (also known as arteriosclerotic vascular disease or ASVD) is a condition in which an artery wall thickens as a result of the accumulation of fatty materials such as cholesterol. It is commonly referred to as a hardening or furring of the arteries. It is caused by the formation of multiple plaques within the arteries. Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease that remains asymptomatic for decades. There is a num­ber of factors which may determine its development.

Atherosclerosis of the blood vessels results from meta­bolic disturbances and particularly from disturbances of cholesterol exchange. These disturbances begin long before there is any external evidence of the disease. Therefore the doctor must prevent its appearance beginning preven­tive measures and treatment as early as possible.

Prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis consist mainly of a certain regimen for the patient, which he must strictly follow. The patient must get up, eat, work, and go to bed at exactly the same time every day.

Sound sleep is very important since it enables the nerve cells to rest. The patient with the signs of atherosclerosis must sleep not less than 7-8 hours and walk before going to bed. Mental and physical overstrain must be excluded.

The incidence of atherosclerosis is high in professional groups with insufficient physical activities. So physical exercises must be part of the prescribed regimen for such persons.

Smoking affects unfavourably the walls of the blood vessels and can result in their spasm, that is why patients suffering from atherosclerosis must not smoke.

The diet of the patients with atherosclerosis must contain sufficient amount of proteins, but fats and carbohy­drates must be taken in very limited doses.

Vitamins are widely used in the treatment of atherosclerosis because some of them improve the metabolic pro­cesses and others dilate the vessels, particularly the periph­eral ones.

Other drugs administered in treating atherosclerosis are the so-called lipotropic substances, which prevent fat from accumulating in the organism.

Since the nervous system affects the metabolic processes in the human body the patients with atherosclerosis are prescribed such drugs as bromide and valerian to improve its general condition.

Complications of advanced atherosclerosis are chronic, slowly progressive and cumulative. Most commonly, soft plaque suddenly ruptures, causing the formation of a thrombus that will rapidly slow or stop blood flow. It will lead to death of the tissues fed by the artery in approximately 5 minutes. This catastrophic event is called an infarction. One of the most common recognized scenarios is called coronary thrombosis of a coronary artery, causing myocardial infarction. The same process in an artery to the brain is commonly called stroke.

Exercise 5. Answer the following questions:

1. What is atherosclerosis?

1. What is atherosclerosis caused by?
2. What does prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis mainly consist of?
3. Why is sound sleep important for patients with atherosclerosis?
4. In which professional groups is the incidence of atherosclerosis high?
5. What must the diet of the patients with atherosclerosis contain?
6. Why are vitamins widely used in the treatment of atherosclerosis?
7. What drugs are administered in treating atherosclerosis?
8. What can advanced atherosclerosis lead to?
9. What does sudden rupture of soft plaque cause?

Exercise 6. Find the equivalents of the following word combinations in the text:

Кількість випадків атеросклерозу; запущений атеросклероз; покращувати загальний стан пацієнта; розширювати периферичні судини; впливати на метаболічні процеси; призначати ліки; приймати у дуже обмежених дозах; містити достатню кількість білків; несприятливо впливати на стінки кровоносних судин; недостатня фізична активність; міцний сон; давати змогу нервовим клітинам відпочити; неухильно дотримуватися певного режиму; порушення холестеринового обміну; зовнішні прояви хвороби; накопичення жирових матеріалів; формування численних бляшок в артеріях.

Exercise 7. Insert the missing prepositions into the gaps:

1) Patients suffering … atherosclerosis must not smoke.

2) Other drugs administered…treating atherosclerosis are the so-called lipotropic substances.

3) Atherosclerosisis commonly referred … as a hardening or furring of the arteries.

4) Atherosclerosis is caused … the formation of multiple plaques … the arteries.

5) Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease that remains asymptomatic … decades.

6) Sound sleep is very important … it enables the nerve cells to rest.

7) The diet … the patients with atherosclerosis must contain sufficient amount … proteins.

8) Smoking affects unfavourably the walls … the blood vessels and can result … their spasm.

Exercise 8. Put questions to the underlined words:

1) The same process in an artery to the brain is commonly called stroke.

2) It will lead to death of the tissues in approximately 5 minutes.

3) Smoking affects unfavourably the walls of the blood vessels.

4) Atherosclerosis is caused by the formation of multiple plaques within the arteries.

5) Mental and physical overstrain must be excluded.

6) Atherosclerosis remains asymptomatic for decades.

7) Atherosclerosis of the blood vessels results from meta­bolic disturbances.

8) These disturbances begin long before there is any external evidence of the disease.

Exercise 9. Open the brackets with the appropriate forms of the verbs:

1) The diet of this patient (to contain) sufficient amount of proteins.

2) The same process in an artery to the brain (to call) stroke.

3) The nervous system (to affect) the metabolic processes in the human body.

4) The patient (to sleep) 8 hours last night.

5) Lipotropic substances (to administer) in treating atherosclerosis.

6) Lipotropic substances (to prevent) fat from accumulating in the organism.

7) He (to go) to bed at the same time every day.

8) Coronary thrombosis of a coronary artery (to cause) myocardial infarction in this patient.

Exercise 10. Explain the terms in 5 sentences:

Atherosclerosis, Plaque, Cholesterol

Дата добавления: 2015-11-16