IV. Grammar exercises

Ex 1. Make these sentences negative. Translate them into your mother tongue.

1. By that time a new motorway had already been opened for traffic.

2. By the end of the 19^th century new technologies for motor vehicles manufacturing had already been used in Western Europe.

3. By the beginning of January the new car model had already been tested.

4. When I bought the car, it had already been registered.

5. The engineer reported that the new traffic control system had already been tested.

6. The minister was told that the project’s costs had already been estimated.

Ex 2. Match the main and subordinate clauses in boxes A and B making changes as shown in the example. Translate the sentences into your mother tongue.

Example

The commission reported that

$2 million has already been expended on mass transit.

►The commission reported that$2 million had already been expended on mass transit. – Комісія повідомила, що на громадський транспорт вже витрачено два мільйони доларів.

A

B

A. The inspection showed that B. The company reported that C. By that time D. They were told that E. It was said that F. By the end of the year G. The mechanic detected where H.Mr. Adams didn’t know that

1. Local roads haven’t been modernized since the 1990s. 2. His car has already been registered. 3. The sports car has been involved in an accident. 4. The roads in the central part have already been reconstructed. 5. Many automobiles have been equipped with onboard computers. 6. The program has already been approved. 7. The total cost of the project hasn’t been estimated yet. 8.The repairs have been made.

Ex 3. Put the verbs in brackets into past perfect passive or past simple passive forms. Translate the sentences into your mother tongue.

1. They didn’t know that an annual award called the World Championship of Drivers (establish) in 1950.

2. At the end of the 20^th century, the traffic in the city center (coordinate) by computers.

3. The telegram said that the freight (not to deliver) yet.

4. Newspapers wrote that the company (sell) into private ownership the week before.

5. The project was rejected because the expenditures for its implementation (be) very high.

6. The recovery of the industry from the economic crisis in 1990 (stimulate) by new investments.

7.By 1964, seat belts already (accept) as standard equipment on all cars in the USA.

8. In 1960 more than 1.7 million cars (recall) by the industry to correct design and manufacturing defects.

9. The company sold as new more than 2,000 vehicles that (damage) and then repaired.

Ex. 4. Make these sentences formal changing the word order in the main clauses’ subject-predicate constructions. Translate the sentences into your mother tongue.

1. He had hardly been fined when he violated traffic rules again.

2. The road had scarcely been repaired when it began deteriorating.

3. The traffic control system had hardly been installed when it broke.

4. The costs for the project implementation had no sooner been estimated that it was cancelled.

5. A new line of Chrysler’s mid-sized sedans had hardly been introduced to the marketplace, when prices fell.

6. A new computer version had scarcely been developed when clone makers copied it.

Ex. 5. Make these sentences passive as in the model. Translate them into your mother tongue.

Model

They had carefully studied the properties of the material before it was used for construction purposes. ► The properties of the material had carefully been studied before it was used for construction purposes.

1. The police arrested the motorist after they had stopped him for driving without a license.

2. He was proud to say that the General Motors Corporation had built first prototypes of electric cars in the late 1990s.

3. In 1999, International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) announced that its researchers had designed a new type of computer memory.

4. They lost the way because a passer-by had wrongly instructed them.

5. You didn’t have the right to drive your wife’s car, as the police had cancelled her driving license.

6. They had carefully tested the new road traffic systems before it was put into service.

Ex. 6. Translate into English.

1. Не встигли його машину відремонтувати, як вона знову зламалася.

2. Контракт був підписаний тільки після того, як усі його пункти (poіnts) були обговорені.

3. Вони не знали, що вантаж вже доставлено до аеропорту.

4. До кінця 90х років уже були розроблені перші моделі електричних автомобілів.

5. Він купив старий автомобіль тільки після того, як його перевірив (іnspect) кваліфікований механік.

6. Комітет повідомив, що на ремонт доріг у центрі міста вже витрачено 1 мільйон доларів.

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