e.g.: Difficult – the most difficult; Expensive- the most expensive.
Exceptions:
| Adjective | Comparative | Superlative |
good
better
little
 many
much
| better worse less more | the best the worst the least the most |
Use as…as to say that something is like something, or that one situation is like another.
Use not so…as in negative sentences.
e.g.: Is the new film as funny as the last one?
e.g.: He is not so clever as you.
Variant I
Ex. 1. Choose the Present Simple or Present Continuous Tense.
Example: Water (boil) at 100 degrees Celsius. – Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
1. What sort of work (you do)?
2. I can’t talk now. I(cook) the dinner.
3. What (people do) in the evening?
4. A lot of people think that the Sun (go) around the Earth
5. Normally I (finish) work at 5.00, but this week I (work) until 6.00.
6. Sam is very good at languages. He (speak) four languages very well.
7. I (think ) that a process of fermentation must be stopped.
8. He has added something to the test-tube but does not know what the solution (consist) of.
Ex. 2. Make up questions to go with the answers below:
Example: What…? I want to buy new furniture for that room.
What do you want to buy for that room?
1. Does\Do…? This sailor wants to see and visit Greek islands.
2. Whom…? Some historians label Pytheas a charlatan.
3. Why…? A merchant is interested in tin because of producing bronze.
4. What…? He has the heart and mind of a true explorer.
5. Who…? A Greek author is learning notes about Britain for a long time.
6. Are….? The vessels are crossing the Pacific ocean.
Ex. 3. Put (C) for word combinations and (S) for sentences. Make up your own sentences with word combinations.
Example: The girl standing at the door.(C) – The girl standing at the door is my friend.
City deputies are debating a bill. (S)
1. He writing down the results of his experiment using symbols.
2. A crane is lifting the cargo.
3. The team mounting the lathe on its foundation.
4. A student finishing the drawing.
5. The team is repairing the engine in the shop.
6. The workers are discharging the cargoes.
7. The workers loading coal for three hours.
8. Our team is constructing a new bridge.
Ex. 4. Change the following sentences, using the Participle I.
Example: When you cross the street, you must be careful. – Crossing the street you must be careful.
1. When Dan carries out all the experiments, he writes down the results very accurately.
2. When the engineers prepare for the experiments, they study the properties of the new materials.
3. When acids react with bases, they form salts.
4. When technologists purify chemical substances, they use special agents.
5. When we connect the terminals of a battery, we close the circuit.
Ex. 5. Put the adjectives in brackets into the correct form.
Example: The book is (interesting) then I supposed. – The book is more interesting then I supposed.
1. Which is (large): the USA or Canada?
2. What is the name of the (big) port in Ukraine?
3. You are (patient) than me.
4. The exam was quite difficult – (difficult) than we expected.
5. He did very badly in the exam – (bad) than expected.
6. The sooner we leave, (soon) we will arrive.
7. The younger you are, (easy) it is to learn.
8. The more electricity you use, (high) your bill will be.
9. The more I thought about the plan, the (little) I like it.
10. His English is not … good … my brother’s.
11. I’m sorry I’m late. I got … fast … I could.
READING AND COMPREHENSIONS
Ex 1. Read the text and find the answers to the following questions:
1. What did Pytheas tell about inhabitants of British Isles?
2. When and where did he live?
3. Why did nobody believe him?
The Man Who Discovered Britain
On his return from a sea journey north to the Atlantic, the Greek explorer said of Britain: “The island is thickly populated … has an extremely chilly climate… Of its people, he wrote: “They are unusually hospitable and gentle in manner… Their diet is inexpensive and quite different from the luxury that is born of wealth… It (Britain) has many kings and potentates who live for the most part in a state of mutual peace… “Yet no one believed him. It was the year 304 BC, and the explorer was Pytheas of Marseilles.
Polybius, a Greek historian, noted that Pytheas, not a wealthy man, must have depended on the patronage of a wealthy Greek merchant to acquire, outfit and provision his ship. That merchant was undoubtedly interested in tin (“kassiteros” in Greek) which, when blended with copper, produced the highly prized and valuable bronze: the metal of choice in those years. Used to make all types of tools, coins and ornaments, it was especially prized for the production of effective weapons that were highly prized by foot soldiers and their leaders.
For centuries, the Kassiterides Islands (British Isles) were well known to the Phoenicians as a principal source of tin. Herodotus, the ancient Greek historian (484-425BC) had reported that their boats sailed through the Pillars of Hercules (Straits of Gibraltar), then north along the coast of Gaut to an area now known as Cornwall, England. Pytheas decided to find these islands on his own, to locate the fabled sources of tin and to search for new deposits. While, ostensibly, his purpose was to bring back a load of tin for profit, Pytheas had the heart and mind of a true explorer. He was curious, he, wanted to see and visit the islands of which he had heard rumors, to explore what lay beyond and to return and tell the world of his findings.
For 2000 years historians labeled him a charlatan, although they enjoyed his accounts of his travels as masterpiece of fabrication. Yet Pytheas was the first Greek to visit and describe Britain and its people and, possibly, to sail within sight of the Norwegian coast. He wrote: ”The people of Britannia are simple in their habits and far removed from the cunning and knavishness of modern man … they do not drink wine, but a fermented liquor made from barley, which the call curmi.
At the time of his epic journey, the northern waters of the Atlantic were unknown to Pytheas;s contemporaries. How could they – familiar only with the warm waters of the Miditerranean – believe that he had seen chunks of floating ice larger than his ship or that further north the sea was entirely frozen and the sun never set.
Pytheas was discredited, and although later Greek historians included references to his travels in their books, their attitude was typified by Strabo (born about 63BC). He wrote: ”Pytheas tells us that Thule [believed then to be an undiscovered northernmost land] is one day’s sail from the congealed sea… and this Pytheas saw with his own eyes – or so he would have us believe.
Ex. 2. Arrange the following words in groups of synonyms:
Example: big-large, …
Journey, precious, type, principal, employ, aim, tool, ship, chief, simple, wish, cargo, use, purpose, uncomplicated, kind, vessel, load, want, valuable, trip, leader, instrument, main.
Ex. 3. Match the following words with the correct definitions and learn them:
Example: paper – a material in the form of thin flat sheets used especially for writing, and made from very thin threads of wood.
Island, merchant, rumor, luxury, potentate, explorer, profit, barley
a) a piece of land surrounding by the water
b) a person who travels for the purpose of discovery
c) a grass like grain plant grown as a food crop for people and cattle, and also used in the making of alcoholic drinks, such as beer
d) a condition of great comfort provided without any consideration of cost.
e) someone with very great or unlimited power, especially, in former times, a ruler with direct power over his or her people, not limited by a law-making body.
f) a person who buys and sells goods, especially, of a particular sort, in large amounts.
g) unofficial news or information, perhaps untrue, which is spread from person to person.
h) money gained by trade or business.
Ex. 4. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the brackets given below:
Example: A Greek historian, noted that Pytheas, not a wealthy man.
1. I have not able to track down the source of ….
2. The Nile is one of the … rivers of Africa.
3. They led a life of …
4. You can borrow some money this time, but do not make a… of it.
5. The ship sank three miles of the French….
6. There are rich … of copper in those hills.
7. Try to … exactly how it happened.
(Describe, cost, rumor, deposits, luxury, habit, wealthy, principal.)
Ex. 5. Agree or disagree with the following:
Example: Pytheas was the first Greek to visit and describe Britain. (T)
1. British Isles were unknown to the all Greek explorers.
2. Tin was a useless metal in Greece.
3. Northern Atlantic was familiar to Greek historians.
4. Pytheas, a merchant, was interested in tin.
5. People of Britannia did not know about wine and luxury.
Ex. 6. Speak on the following
1. Journey of Pytheas.
2. About the ancient Greeks.
Ex. 7. Make up the plan to the text.
Variant II
Ex. 1. Choose the Present Simple or Present Continuous Tense.
Example: Water (boil) at 100 degrees Celsius. – Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
1. Every year Ann (to spend) her holidays in the Crimea.
2. Leave me alone, I (to work).
3. My watch is out of order, and the watchmaker (to repair) it.
4. This professor (to give) us a lesson every morning at 9.30.
5. What (you think) about this moment?
6. What a smell! I expect something (burn).
7. Go away! I (to prepare) a dangerous experiment.
8. It (to rain), take your umbrella.
9. The Sun (to rise) in the East.
Ex. 2. Make questions to go with the answers below:
Example: What…? I want to buy new furniture for that room.
What do you want to buy for that room?
1. How…? The British think of the Queen Victoria period as a time of strict moral standards.
2. Why…? Many people come to live in the USA because they see it as the “land of opportunity”.
3. Where…? A mixture of people of different races and nations live in the USA.
4. What…? We are learning an English grammar rule.
5. Does\ Do…? Dictionary gives a list of words in alphabetic order with their meanings.
6. Who…? Experts disagree about the origin of that language.
Ex. 3. Put (C) for word combinations and (S) for sentences. Make up your own sentences with word combinations
Example: The girl standing at the door. (C) – The girl standing at the door is my friend.
City deputies are debating a bill. (S)
1. The firm purchasing ore become very strong.
2. The firm carrying on negotiation for the purchase of ore.
3. The vessel is sailing away to the north.
4. The vessel sailing away to the north in evening.
5. A girl sitting by the window and looking at the sea.
6. A girl is sitting by the window.
7. The managers are discussing the plan of the conference.
8. The engineers discussing the plan of new article.
Ex. 4. Change the following sentences, using the Participle I.
Example: When you cross the street, you must be careful. – Crossing the street you must be careful.
1. When he translates difficult articles into English, he uses polytechnical dictionary.
2. When we carry out laboratory tests, we turn off all the gas burners.
3. When scientists develop new means of communication, they bring up culture to the people in distant regions.
4. When students study English texts, they read and analyze them.
5. When I go to the Academy, I usually take a bus.
Ex. 5. Put the adjectives in brackets into the correct form.
Example: The book is (interesting) then I supposed. – The book is more interesting then I supposed.
1. This student is (clever) than his teacher thought.
2. Odessa is one of the (large) ports in Ukraine.
3. Bad health is the (bad) enemy that a man can have.
4. The tiger is (fierce) than any other wild animal.
5. The (good) way to conquer a difficulty is to face it bravely.
6. The air of hills is (cool) than that of lowlands.
7. This room looks (comfortable) than that one.
8. His plan is (practical) than yours.
9. The twenty-second of December is the (short) day of the year.
10. It is not … hot today … it was yesterday.
12. His radio set is not … powerful … mine.
READING AND COMPREHENSIONS
Ex. 1. Read the text and find the answers to the following questions:
1. What is the origin of English language?
2. Why was French the official language in England in the Middle Ages?
3. Why did the English language change in America?
The Spread of British English
What we know as the English language was born out of foreign invasion and later spread across the world by invasion. From the fifth century onwards, waves of invaders from northern Europe came across the North Sea of England. They were Angles, Saxons and Jutes and came from present-day Germany and Scandinavia. They drove the Celtic-speaking inhabitants of England westwards into those areas known today as Wales, Cornwall, Cumbria and the Scottish borders. The resulting mixture of Germanic and Scandinavian languages became the earliest form of English. In 1066, William the Conqueror led the Norman French invasion of England. For a period of nearly 300 years French became the official language, although English continued to be spoken by the majority of common people. Modern English has it main origins in the mixture of these two languages, Anglo-Saxon and French.
From the 15th century onwards, the British Navy slowly became the dominant force on the world’s seas. During the 17th and 18th centuries British navigators sailed across the seas with the aim of extending Britain’s power and prosperity. They colonized new territories around the world, taking their language with them.
By Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee in 1897, the British empire had possessions in all five continents totaling about a quarter of the world’s land mass and about the same proportion of the world’s population.
The English language was imposed on the people of Ireland, yet the Irish have produced some of the best writers of English literature. This creativity goes back to the Gaelic poetry of the Celts. Gaelic is still the official language of the Ireland, but the great majority of people speak English. The Irish have given English literature some of its greatest works. George Bernard Shaw and Oscar Wilde were famous for their wit and clever use of language.
In the 1770s, the English spoken by the colonists in America hardly differed from the English spoken in Britain. But once the political breakaway had occurred, contact between the two countries diminished and American English began to develop a character of its own.
When Noah Webster compiled his first dictionary of American English in 1806, he clearly thinking of it as a language in its own right. Successive editions of the dictionary gave proof that the gap between British and American English was widening. In case of American English, mass immigration speeded up the pace of change.
The immigrants, Irish, Germans, Scandinavians, Chinese, Italians, Poles, Russians, Mexicans, Hungarians and Jews, flooded into what has become known as the melting pot of American society. But they did not melt into it without adding something of their own.
It is not surprising, therefore, that the American English shows many traces of the languages which the immigrants originally spoke.
The language is constantly developing, and that new words and constructs arise in Americans’ use of English.
Ex. 2. Arrange the following words in groups of synonyms:
Example: big-large, …
Invasion, aim, language, spread, chief, to decrease, proof, origin, main, force, attack, majority, to diminish, to occur, pace, to compile, extent, to happen, to put together, power, purpose, tongue, beginning, evidence, step, greater number.
Ex. 3. Match the following words with the correct definitions and learn them:
Example: paper – a material in the form of thin flat sheets used especially for writing, and made from very thin threads of wood.
Colony, prosperity, invasion, melting pot, gap, compile, inhabitant, empire.
a) an empty space between two objects or two parts of an object.
b) attack in a war when the enemy spreads into and tries to control a country, city etc
c) a person or sometimes an animal that lives in a particular place regularly usually or for a long period of time.
d) good fortune and success, especially in money matters.
e) a group of countries all ruled by the ruler or government of one particular country
f) a country or area under the political control of a distant country.
g) to make a report or book from facts and information found in various places.
g) a place where there is a mixing of people of different races and nations.
Ex. 4. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the brackets given below:
Example: French became the official language
1. The British … once covered large parts of the world
2. It takes large years of work … a big dictionary.
3. In the last five years the city has … out rapidly in all directions.
4. The two sides have reached a particular agreement, but several differences still … between them.
5. Scientists have … that this disease is carried by rats.
6. We do not usually take cheques, but we still make an … in your case.
7. The bad results of June were partly due to illness, but … of John, no such excuse is possible.
(to compile, in the case, empire, exception, spread, official, discovered, exist)
Ex. 5. Agree or disagree with the following:
Example: The English language was imposed on the people of Ireland. (T)
1. English language was born out of mixture Germanic and Scandinavians languages.
2. French played a great role in the forming Modern English.
3. Noah Webster was the first author of British language dictionary.
4. American English was official language in British colonies in 19 century.
5. Immigrants added something of their own into English language.
Ex. 6. Speak on the following:
1. Germanic tribes, the Scandinavians and North men invaded British Isles.
2. Spreading and changing English language.
Ex. 7. Make up the plan to the text in questions, using the Present Simple Tense.
Variant III
Ex. 1. Choose the Present Simple or Present Continuous Tense.
Example: Water (boil) at 100 degrees Celsius. – Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius
1. He lived in Donetsk. Now he (to live) in Odessa.
2. Normally I (to finish) my work at 5.00, but this week I (to work) until 6.00.
3. You (learn) mathematics during the first term?
4. Sam is very good at languages. He (to speak) four languages very well.
5. You (to work) very hard today.
6. A lot of people think that the Sun (to go) around the Earth
7. This professor (to give) us a lesson every morning at 9.30.
8. What (you think) about this moment?
9. What a smell! I expect something (to burn).
Ex. 2. Make questions to go with the answers below:
Example: What…? I want to buy new furniture for that room.
What do you want to buy for that room?
1. To what…? Pubs date back to the inns and taverns.
2. Who…? The English like steak, roast, beef and pudding.
3. When…? On Christmas Day they cook a roast turkey for dinner.
4. How…? She is cooking traditional dishes very well.
5. Whom…? We invite friends to have a cup of tea.
6. What…? The English usually have soup, fish or meat and a lot of vegetables for dinner.
Ex. 3. Put (C) for word combinations and (S) for sentences. Make up your own sentences with word combinations
Example: The girl standing at the door. (C) – The girl standing at the door is my friend.
City deputies are debating a bill. (S)
1. In laboratory professor instructing the students.
2. He is instructing the workers.
3. The scientist is experimenting with different chemical substances.
4. The scientist experimenting with new materials.
5. The teacher is explaining new rules to the group of students.
6. We are studying the properties of this substance.
7. The girl carefully studying the properties of red substance.
8. The laboratory man is attaching the tube to the flask.
Ex. 4. Change the following sentences, using the Participle I.
Example: When you cross the street, you must be careful. – Crossing the street you must be careful.
1. When the students study at the Academy, they visit food factories.
2. When the teacher analyses the results of the experiments he gives us some instructions.
3. When the assistant experiments with substances he controls their temperature.
4. When the students air the laboratory they leave the widows open.
5. When a chemist knows the chemical formula of a substance he can say everything about each element.
Ex. 5. Put the adjectives in brackets into the correct form.
Example: The book is (interesting) then I supposed. – The book is more interesting then I supposed.
1. He did very badly in the exam – (bad) than expected.
2. The more I thought about the plan, (little) I like it.
3. What is the name of the (big) port in Ukraine.
4. The fuller the dictionary, (many) meanings of words it contains.
5. Can you walk a bit (fast)?
6. The (good) way to conquer a difficulty is to face it bravely.
7. The more I know him, (little) I like him.
8. His plan is (practical) than yours.
9. This is the (short) way to the station
10. This is the (interesting) story in this book.
11. He is …(hungry)…a wolf.
READING AND COMPREHENSIONS
Ex. 1. Read the text and find the answers to the following questions:
1. What are the typical English dishes?
2. What is the national food in Scotland?
3. What kind of beer is popular in Great Britain?
Eating
English food in the morning termed as an “English breakfast” is basically sausage, bacon and eggs plus tea and toast. This used to be the typical working-class start to the day, but these days the British have adopted the healthier cereal alternative. A “Scottish breakfast” is likely to include porridge – properly made with oatmeal and traditionally eaten with salt rather than sugar.
For most overseas visitors the quintessential British meal is “fish and chips” (known in Scotland as “fish supper”, even at lunchtime). Fish-and-chip shops “chippies” can be found on most high streets. Often takeaway (takeout) food is served.
Other sources of straightforward food throughout the day are “greasy spoons” (which tend to close at around 6-7 p.m.) and pubs (which usually stop serving food by 9 p.m.). You will find there plain “meat-and-two-veg” dishes: stake-and-kidney pie, shepherd’s pie (minced lamb or beef covered in mashed potato, and baked), chops and steaks, accompanied by boiled potatoes, carrots or some such vegetable.
Regional cuisine.
Lincolnshire is known for its sausages, Lancashire and Yorkshire for their black puddings (a type of sausage), Cornwall for its pasty (a stodgy envelope of pasty filled with meat, potato’s and other root vegetables), Melton Mowbray for its leaden pork pies. England’s traditional cakes – among them. The quintessential Scottish food is haggis – a sheep’s stomach stuffed with spiced liver, offal, oatmeal and onion and traditionally eaten with mashed turnip and mashed potatoes.
The pub is the great British social institution. Pubs date back to the inns and taverns of the Middle Ages, places where local people met and where travellers stayed. Pubs have outlived the church and marketplace as the focal point of communities. The full name is “public house”. There are about 80,000 pubs today. Pubs are as varied as the country’s townscapes: in larger market towns you will find huge oak-beamed inns with open fires and polished brass fittings, in the remoter villages there are stone-build pubs no larger than a two-bedroom cottage. The opening hours are daily 11 a.m. – 11 p.m. with “last orders” called by the bar staff about twenty minutes before closing time. The legal drinking age is 18 and children are not usually welcome. Most pubs are owned by large breweries who favour their own beers and lagers. Cider, the fermented produce of apples, is a sweet, alcoholic beverage is sometimes preferred to beer. The cider sold in pubs all over Britain is a fizzy drink that only approximates the real thing.
The most widespread type of English beer is bitter. The sweeter, darker “mild” beer is common in Welsh pubs. The indigenous Scottish beer is ale, much like the English bitter (in Scotland known as “heavy”). In recent years lager has overtaken beer in popularity, and every pub will have at least two brands on offer.
Ex. 2. Arrange the following words in groups of synonyms:
Example: big-large,…
Food, to contain, fatty, foreign, source, to vary, widespread, to place, huge, to produce, local, beverage, to approximate, greasy, overseas, diet, origin, to include, regional, drink, to approach, to manufacture, to differ, common, enormous, to locate.
Ex. 3. Match the following words with the correct definitions and learn them:
Example: paper – a material in the form of thin flat sheets used especially for writing, and made from very thin threads of wood.
Sausage; bacon; ale; pastry, turnip, brand; chop; meat and two veg.
a) The typical British meal consisting of some meat and two different vegetables.
b) A mixture of flour, fat, milk or water and sometimes sugar eaten when baked, used especially to enclose other foods.
c) A class of goods which is the product of a particular company or producer.
d) A large round yellowish or white root which is used as a vegetable.
e) A mixture of fresh or preserved meat with spices and other materials in a tube of thin animal skin.
f) A small piece of meat, especially lamb or pork, usually containing a bone.
g) Salted or smaked meat from the back or sides of a pig, often served in narrow thin pieces.
h) A type of beer, that is particularly bitter, strong and heavy.
Ex. 4. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the brackets given below:
Example: Lincolnshire is known for its sausages.
1. Try to reduce the number of sweets and … drinks that your child has.
2. Let us get a …. I cannot be bothered to cook.
3. The sales director wants to open up new … in the Far East.
4. My job does not … making coffee for the boss!
5. The author considers that a series of colour photo must … the text of his article.
6. … is brewed from malt, sugar, hops and water, and fermented with yeast.
7. Otranto is a small town in Italy and … to Greek times.
(Takeaway, dates back, accompany, beer, fizzy, sausages, market, include)
Ex. 5. Agree or disagree with the following:
Example: The pub is the great British social institution. (T)
1. At present the British prefer to have sausage, bacon and eggs for their breakfast.
2. National cuisine in Great Britain varies in different regions and includes different meat dishes.
3. Fish with potato and beer is popular in Scotland.
4. In Welsh pubs mild ale is very popular.
5. Vegetables are common in English cuisine.
Ex. 6. Speak on the following
1. English common food.
2. British pubs.
Ex.7. Make up the plan to the text in questions, using the Present Simple Tense.
Variant IV
Ex. 1. Choose the Present Simple or Present Continuous Tense.
Example: Water (boil) at 100 degrees Celsius. – Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
1. Don’t forget to take your umbrella. It (to rain)
2. Please don’t make so much noise. I (to try) to work
3. Probably right now they (to drink) beer in some pub
4. She can’t answer the phone because she (to cook) my dinner
5. What’s that smell? Something (to burn).
6. The plane is flying at the height of 1,500 meters. It (to head) south.
7. Oh, look down. We (to fly) over a big ocean liner.
8. You (work) very hard today.
9. Ann is not lazy. She (work) hard most of the time.
Ex. 2. Make questions about to go with the answers below:
Example: What…? I want to buy new furniture for that room.
What do you want to buy for that room?
1. How…? Foreigners often picture the Englishman dressed in tweeds and smoking a pipe.
2. Where….? English families prefer to live in houses rather than in flats.
3. Do/Does…? Every family dreams about small enclosed garden at the front and back.
4. What…? Ann is watering the flowers behind the house.
5. What kind…? Wealthy people buy luxury houses and flats in the most expensive districts.
6. How long…? They are building the house for two years.
Ex. 3. Put (C) for word combinations and (S) for sentences. Make up your own sentences with word combinations
Example: The girl standing at the door.(C) – The girl standing at the door is my friend.
City deputies are debating a bill. (S)
1. A piece of wire is connecting a battery and bulb in the circuit.
2. A piece of wire connecting the terminals of the battery.
3. The red chemical substances in the flask purifying water.
4. This chemical substance is purifying water.
5. An assistant is reading the instruction for the next experiment.
6. An assistant reading the instruction to a group of students sitting near the window.
7. The student heating substance observes the changes in colour.
8. A laboratory man heating substance in the test-tube for 10 minutes.
Ex. 4. Change the following sentences, using the Participle I.
Example: When you cross the street, you must be careful. – Crossing the street you must be careful.
1. When we use sand filters, we usually filter water.
2. When Sam writes the equations, he shows the reactions between these elements.
3. When we cross the street we look, to the left and then to the right.
4. When chemist works with the substances, he adds some water to item.
5. When engineer tests new engines, he registers the result of the tests in the work-books.
Ex. 5. Put the adjectives in brackets into the correct form.
Example: The book is (interesting) than I supposed. – The book is more interesting than I supposed.
1. His brother is (talented) than he.
2. Basketball is (popular) than tennis in the USA.
3. This is (interesting) book I have ever read.
4. Shakespeare is (famous) English poet and playwright of all the ages.
5. Which is (high) mountain in the world?
6. What is (late) news?
7. You look (thin) you were last year. Have you lost weight?
8. I usually buy vegetables at the market. It’s much (cheap).
9. This is (beautiful) building in our town.
10. The warmer the weather the (good) I fill.
11. The book is … (interesting) … the other one.
READING AND COMPREHENSIONS
Ex. 1. Read the text and find the answers to the following questions:
1. Why do some Americans have two homes?
2. How often do Americans move? Why?
3. Where do young Americans and young married couples live?
Housing in the USA
American homes are some of the largest in the world. Many have a garage for one or two cars, a big, modern kitchen, a living room, and a playroom for the children. Upstairs there are two bathrooms and three or four bedrooms.
Some families have two homes. They may have one house or apartment in the city or suburbs where they live and work and another home near the sea or in the mountains where they spend weekends and vacations. Seventy percent of Americans buy the house they live in. The rest rent their home from a landlord. The poorest people live in "public housing" apartments.
Americans who live in towns and cities often move. A family stays in one house for four or five years, and then they move again. Some people move because they have found a new job. Other people move because they want a bigger or a smaller home. In American suburbs, families come and go all the time. Every year 20% of Americans move house. Americans are always trying to make their homes better. They take a lot of time to buy furniture and make their homes beautiful. They work hard on their homes in the evenings and on weekends.
Many young Americans do not live with their families, but in apartment blocks or residential areas where everyone is more or less of the same age. Young people often move away from home when they leave school into rented apartments or small, one-room "studio" apartments. They do their own cooking and cleaning, and go to the family home perhaps for the weekend.
Old people seldom live with their grown-up children. Many live in old people's homes. Some live in special towns built for old people, where there are no young children and the atmosphere is quiet.
American houses vary a lot depending on the region they are in.
In the Northeast (Virginia, Maryland, New England) you will find a lot of old historical houses of red-colored brick or white-painted wood, with long windows in the "colonial" style.
California is famous for its one-story bungalows with a yard around it. In the centre of it there is an open place, or "patio", with buildings on the sides. People work, cook, sunbathe, talk to their friends on the patio – actually, live half inside and half outside. Swimming pools can be found in many of them. People copy the idea of patio all over the country, but not everyone can afford their own swimming pool in their own backyard.
Farmers in the South (Texas, New Mexico, Georgia) and Midwest are famous for large farmhouses - "ranches". New ranches have concrete walls, big glass windows and air conditioning to keep them cool.
American suburban houses have large backyards and no fences between the houses, only one floor in "ranch" or "bungalow" style and no stairs. They are especially good to start a family and to raise children, to make friends with people in the neighborhood.
Ex. 2. Arrange the following words in groups of synonyms:
Example: big-large,…
Seldom, region, vocations, grown-up, a lot of, famous, community, middle, by reason, to attempt, to speak, work, to do, district, centre, well-known, many, to make, to talk, to try, job, adult, because, rarely, neighborhood, holidays.
Ex. 3. Match the following words with the correct definitions and learn them:
Example: paper – a material in the form of thin flat sheets used especially for writing, and made from very thin threads of wood.
Rent, sunbathe (v), neighborhood, style, concrete, suburbs, half, move house (v).
a) A general manner of doing something which is typical or representative of a person or group, a time in history.
b) A group of people and their homes forming a small area within a larger place such as a town.
c) To take furniture and other property to a new home.
d) Money paid regularly for the use of room, building, piece of land etc
e) One of the two equal parts into which something is divided.
f) The area on the edge of a city, where most people live, as opposed to the shopping and business centre.
g) A building material made by mixing sand, very small stones, cement and water.
h) To sit or lie in strong sunlight in order to make the body brown.
Ex. 4. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the brackets given below:
Example: American houses vary a lot depending on the region they are in.
1. This old French table is a very valuable piece of…
2. The government has helped the rich but done nothing to improve the condition of …
3. Only ten students attended the class because all … were off sick.
4. Children must go to bed now and let the … a little time to themselves.
5. He is supposed to be great writer, but I do not like his ….
6. Thanks to the success of the business, we can … a holiday now.
7. In the US and UK, the… are generally considered to be the areas where ordinary middle-class families live.
(Grown-ups, suburbs, furniture, style, the poor, vary, afford, the rest).
Ex. 5. Agree or disagree with the following:
Example: California is famous for its one-story bungalows. (T)
1. Most of Americans rent their homes from landlords.
2. American families sometimes change their houses.
3. Some old people live in quiet little towns.
4. In Texas people live in ranches, one-story buildings.
5. Many Americans have a little yard in front of the house.
Ex. 6. Speak on the following
1. An American typical house.
2. Local feature of houses in different regions of America.
Ex. 7. Make up the plan to the text in questions, using the Present Simple Tense.
UNIT II
GRAMMAR
1. Modal verbs
| I He She It We You They | can may must have to be to should ought to | v0 |
Use can to talk about:
– ability: e.g.: The United States can lead the way to the public.
– possibility: – both can and may express present and future possibility.
e.g.: We have no idea what can happen next year.
– permission: – both can and may express permission.
e.g.: They can / may deliver on time.
Use must to talk about:
– obligation, necessity – both need and have to express necessity also.
e.g.: I must go now as it’s high time. I need to be at home. I have to help my parents at the moment.
– an order, an urgent request: e.g.: You must leave the room a once.
Use be to to speak about an agreement or arrangement for the future, a part of the plan: e.g.: They are to go to Spain in July.
Use should or ought to to express duty: e.g.: You should do as you are told.
Use mustn’t to express prohibition.
e.g.: You mustn’t park here. (It’s against the rules.)
Use don’t/doesn’t have to to express lack of necessity.
e.g.: You don’t have to buy any vegetables. We have got plenty.
Use needn’t to express absence of necessity.
e.g.: He needn’t get up early, as his work begins at nine.
2. Past Simple
| Affirmative | – | ||
| I He She It We You They | v –ed/II form …. | ||
| Interrogative | Did | v0…? | |
| Negative | – | didn’t v0…. |
Use Past Simple:
– for actions which happen in the past and won’t happen again.
e.g.: Bill Gates wrote a best-selling book in 1995.
e.g.: Did he found a domestic school of metal welding? – No, he didn’t.
– for actions which happen at a specific time in the past: yesterday, last night, two weeks ago, in 1964, etc.
e.g.: Last century Evgeny Paton organized a welding laboratory.
3. Participle II
Form Participle II or Past Participle of regular verbs by adding –ed: work – worked; and of irregular verbs by the third column of the list of irregular verbs: see – seen.
| v –ed/III |
e.g.: The United States of America; a new made method; an advanced level; etc.
Use Participle II:
– as the attribute of a noun.
| attr. a/the v –ed/III n. |
e.g.: The measured distance was too long to go by foot.
– as the attribute of a noun.
| attr. (2) a/the n. v –ed/III (by n.) (2) |
e.g.: He is a man loved and known by everyone.
– as the adverbial modifier with the dependent words.
| (When) v –ed/III …, 1 2 …. |
e.g.: (When) cooled to -5oC, the liquid turns into ice.
| … 1 2 …, (when) v –ed/III …. |
e.g.: Peter always reads the text, when he asked for.
4. Present Perfect
| Affirmative | – | ||
| He/she/it | has | v –ed/III form …. | |
| I/we/you/they | have | ||
| Interrogative | Have/Has | v –ed/III form …? | |
| Negative | – | haven’t/ hasn’t v –ed/III form …. |
Use Present Perfect:
– for actions which started in the past and continuous to the present.
e.g.: John has lived in Paris for the last three years.
– to talk about a past action with a visible result in the present.
e.g.: I ’ve broken my arm. (So I can’t write.)
– to refer to an experience.
e.g.: Have you ever been to Paris?
– with the time expressions: for, since, yet, just, never, ever, already, lately, etc.
e.g.: Unfortunately, I ’ve never been there.
VARIANT I
Ex. 1. Use “can”, “may”, “must” or “should” to make sentences.
Example: A typist / type / letters – A typist can type letters.
1. You / have / a good sleep / to look fresh.
2. An artist / not / build / cars.
3. we / leave / the auditorium?
4. Everyone / obey / the law.
Ex. 2. Replace verbs in brackets by “have to” if the action shows necessity or by “be to” if it refers to the future.
Example: This is Donna. She (share) her room. –
This is Donna She is to share her room.
1. I must leave you now. I (do) the cooking.
2. Who (meet) you, when you arrive there?
3. My feet are wet. I (change) my stockings not to get cold.
4. I’m afraid you (go) to the party alone, darling. I’ve such a headache!
5. The eldest child of the family (take) care of his younger brothers and sisters.
Ex. 3. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of Past Simple or Preset Perfect.
Example: Tom …just … his key. (lose) – Tom has just lost his key.
… he … his key yesterday? (lose) – Did he lose his key yesterday?
1. I … very tired, so I lay down and went to sleep. (be)
2. They’re still building the new road. They … it yet. (not/finish)
3. … you … the news on television last night? (see)
4. Ian lives in London. He … there for seven years. (live)
5. – … Fred … his best works to Italy? (take)
– Yes, he … them in Italy last summer and does it this time too. (introduce)
Ex. 4. Write out and define the function of Participle II in the next sentences.
Example: Eugenie Paton introduced a new made method of welding. – a new made method – the attribute.
1. The laboratory equipped with modern devices belonged to the physical department.
2. She has just entered and taken the long forgotten letter out of the bag.
3. The rivers connected by canals formed a long water way.
4. Modernized by our engineers, the laboratory has become one of the best laboratories at the Academy this year.
5. The liquid changed its properties only when heated to this temperature.
READING AND COMPREHENSION
Ex. 1. Read the text to answer the following questions:
1. What is Bill Gates so famous all over the world for?
2. When did his career as a creator of programs start?
3. What kind of living does he lead?
Bill Gates
Everyone has heard of Bill Gates, one of the richest and most successful people in the world. Microsoft, the business he started with a friend in 1975, has become the world's largest computer software company, and Gates was the world's youngest billionaire at the age of 31.
His full name is William Henry Gates III, and he was born on 28th October, 1955, in Seattle, USA. At school, he showed that he was very intelligent, and especially good at Maths and Science. His parents decided to send him to Lakeside, the private school where he first began to use computers. 13-year-old Bill Gates and his school friend Paul Allen were soon spending all their time writing programs and learning about computers instead of doing their schoolwork.
After finishing school in 1973, Bill went to Harvard, America's most famous university. The next year, he and Paul Allen wrote an operating program for the Altair, one of the world's first microcomputers. The two friends started Microsoft in 1975, and Gates left Harvard. Before long, Microsoft was a major business success. Since then, the company has continued to grow, producing most of the world's leading PC software. One reason for his success is that Gates has always been very ambitious and hardworking. This has not left him much time for a normal personal life, but in 1994 he married Melinda French, a Microsoft employee, and in 1995 he wrote a best-selling book «The Road Ahead».
Bill has mixed feelings about spending so much time running Microsoft. "There are a lot of experiences I haven't had, but I do like my job," he says. When he does find time to relax, he likes puzzles, golf and reading about science. For such a rich person, his life is simple, and he spends little on himself and his family. When it comes to helping others, though, Gates is very generous. He has already given huge amounts of money to charity, and says that he plans to give away almost all of his wealth when he retires.
Ex. 2. Match the following words and word-combinations to the correct definitions given bellow.
Example: 1. Microsoft – f) a computing company whose products are ubiquitous; etc.
2. Software a) identified as extremely popular by its inclusion on lists of currently top selling titles;
3. ambitious b) a collection of computer programs and related data that provide the instructions for telling a computer what to do and how to do it;
4. best-selling c) the providing of goods or money to those in need;
5. run d) desirable for personal achievement;
6. charity e) to control or manage, be in charge of something.
Ex. 3. Find the proper synonym (A, B, C, D) to the underlined word.
Example: Bill Gates is one of the richest and most successful people in the world. – B) flourishing.
1. He was very intelligent, and especially good at Maths and Science.
A) capable; B) noetic; C) lazy; D) prudent.
2. After finishing school in 1973, Bill went to Harvard, America's most famous university.
A) starting; B) entering; C) graduating from; D) ending.
3. Bill has mixed feelings about spending so much time running Microsoft.
A) using; B) producing; C) calculating; D) managing.
Ex. 4. Define which of the given are true or false. Be ready to justify your point of view.
Example: Gates was born on 28th October, 1966. – F. He was born in 1955.
1. His business has become the world’s largest computer software company, and Gates was the world’s oldest billionaire.
2. Bill Gates and his school friend Paul Allen were only writing programs and learning about computers, studying at the private school.
3. Gates left Harvard in 1975 because they started Microsoft, the world’s largest mobile phones producing company.
4. He wrote his best-selling book «The Road Ahead» a year earlier than got married Melinda French.
Ex. 5. Mach the facts from the column A to those in B.
Example: 1. Microsoft – e) is the business he started.
| A | B |
| 1. Microsoft | a) and his friend wrote an operating program for the Altair. |
| 2. Bill Gates | b) is a Microsoft employee he married in 1994. |
| 3. Paul Allen | c) is one of the richest and most successful people in the world. |
| 4. Melinda French | d) is the best-selling book, he wrote in 1995. |
| 5. «TheRoad Ahead» | e) is the business he started. |
Ex. 6. Put the questions to the underlined words.
Example: Everyone has heard of Bill Gates. – Who has everyone heard of?
1. Microsoft has become the world’s largest computer software company.
2. Bill Gates was born on 28th October, 1955, in Seattle, USA.
3. Bill Gates and Paul Allen started Microsoft in 1975.
4. He has already given huge amounts of money to charity.
5. Gates says that he plans to give away almost all of his wealth when he retires.
Ex. 7. Write a short summary to the text, highlighting the main facts in 5 sentences.
VARIANT II
Ex. 1. Use “can”, “may”, “must” or “ought to” to make sentences.
Example: A typist / type / letters – A typist can type letters.
1. All / the students / read / the instructions.
2. we / go / to the club / now?
3. You / be / careful / working with acids.
4. She / not / drive / a car.
Ex. 2. Replace verbs in brackets by “have to” if the action shows necessity or “be to” if it refers to the future.
Example: This is Donna. She (share) her room. –
This is Donna She is to share her room.
1. You (know) not only the words, but the grammar as well. So you can understand the text.
2. Our train (leave) in an hour or so.
3. We usually (use) paper filters in our experiments with solutions.
4. The process of boiling (finish) as soon as you turn off the fire.
5. A technologist (group) chemical materials proper not to make a mistake.
Ex. 3. Put the verbs in brackets in correct form of Past Simple or Preset Perfect.
Example: 1. Tom …just … his key. (lose) – Tom has just lost his key.
2. … Tom … his key yesterday? (lose) – Did Tom lose his key yesterday?
3. Recently scientists … radio-active isotopes of all elements. (produce)
4. I was very thirsty. So I … the water very quickly. (drink)
5. They … her to the party last Sunday. (not/invite)
6. … you … two articles by Prof. Petrov this month? (read)
7. – … you ever … to Paris? (be)
Yes, I … a month in Paris two years ago. (spend)
Ex. 4. Write out and define the function of Participle II in the next sentences.
Example: Eugenie Paton introduced a new made method of welding. – a new made method – the attribute.
1. The equipment for the new automated line is at the plant.
2. Developed in the works of our scientist, the theory is becoming very popular.
3. The materials received allowed us to start a new test.
4. The first metals used by a man were not iron or aluminum, but silver and copper.
5. A computer is a complex device when viewed as a whole.
READING AND COMPREHENSION
Ex. 1. Read the text to answer the following questions:
1. What is Stephen Hawking known for?
2. What is ALS?
3. What are religious views of Hawking?
Stephen William Hawking
Born 8 January, 1942 Stephen W. Hawking is an English theoretical physicist and cosmologist, whose scientific career spans over forty years. His books and public appearances have made him an academic celebrity. He is an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, a lifetime member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, and in 2009 was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the United States.
Hawking was the Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge for thirty years, taking up the post in 1979 and retiring on 1 October 2009. He is known for his contributions to the fields of cosmology and quantum gravity, especially in the context of black holes. He has also achieved success with works of popular science in which he discusses his own theories and cosmology in general; these include the runaway best seller “A Brief History of Time”, which stayed on the British Sunday Times bestsellers list for a record-breaking 237 weeks.
Almost as soon as he arrived at Cambridge, he started developing symptoms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, known colloquially in the United States as Lou Gehrig's disease), a type of motor neurone. Himself Hawking has a neuro-muscular dystrophy that is related to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a condition that has progressed over the years and has left him almost completely paralysed.
Hawking’s achievements were made despite the increasing paralysis caused by the ALS. By 1974, he was unable to feed himself or get out of bed. His speech became slurred so that he could be understood only by people who knew him well. A Cambridge scientist built a device that enables Hawking to write onto a computer with small movements of his body, and then have a voice synthesizer speak what he has typed.
His ex-wife, Jane, said during their divorce proceedings that he was an atheist. In an interview published in The Guardian newspaper, Hawking regarded the concept of Heaven as a myth, stating that there is “no heaven or afterlife” and that such a notion was a “fairy story for people afraid of the dark”.
Ex. 2. Match the following words and word-combinations to the correct definitions given bellow.
Example: 1. Physicist – f) a scientist who studies or practices physics; etc.
2. cosmologist a) a region of space from which nothing, not even light, can escape;
3. award b) condensed pronunciation of common words;
4. black holes c) affected the muscles and/or their nervous control that сauses either spasticity or some degree of paralysis, depending on the location and the nature of the problem;
5. neuro-muscular d) to give to a person or a group of people a prize to recognize excellence in a certain field;
6. slurred e) a scientist who studies the structure of the universe from the standpoint of physics.
Ex. 3. Find the proper synonym (A, B, C, D) to the underlined words.
Example: Stephen W. Hawking is an English theoretical physicist and cosmologist. – A) scientist.
1. He is a lifetime member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences.
A) vital; B) live; C) lifelong; D) biotic.
2. Almost as soon as he arrived at Cambridge, he started developing symptoms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
A) atherosclerosis; B) neuro-muscular dystrophy;
C) neuron dystrophy; D) motor-lateral sclerosis.
3. In an interview Hawking regarded the concept of Heaven as a myth.
A) fiction; B) truth; C) verity; D) concoction.
Ex. 4. Define which of the given are true or false. Be ready to justify your point of view.
Example: Stephen Hawking was born 8 January, 1944. – F. He was born in 1942.
1. Stephen W. Hawking is an English theoretical artist and sculpture, whose scientific career spans over forty years.
2. One of his contributions to the fields of cosmology and quantum gravity was in the context of black holes.
3. He suffers from Lou Gehrig's disease, known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
4. Hawking regarded that he was a deeply religious person, so he said that there’s “heaven and afterlife”.
Ex. 5. Match the facts from the column A to those in B.
Example: 2. Cambridge – a) is the well known University.
| A | B |
| 1. Stephen Hawking | a) is the well known University. |
| 2. Cambridge | b) is his divorced wife. |
| 3. “A Brief History of Time” | c) was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the United States. |
| 4. Jane | d) is a “fairy story for people afraid of the dark”. |
| 5. Heaven | e) is a work of popular science in which he discusses his own theories and cosmology in general. |
Ex. 6. Put the questions to the underlined words.
Example: Stephen W. Hawking was born 8 January, 1942. – When was Stephen W. Hawking born?
1. Hawking was the Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge for thirty years.
2. He has achie
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